400 Madison Avenue ARCHITECT: H. Craig Severance, Inc. DATE: 1928-29 STYLE: Neo-Gothic With its dramatic massing, intricate neo-Gothic detailing, and bright, expansive terra-cotta facade commanding a full Madison Avenue blockfront, the 400 Madison Avenue Building is one of East Midtown’s most striking prewar skyscrapers. Designed by H. Craig Severance and constructed by the George A. Fuller Company, one of the nation’s most experienced skyscraper builders, it was completed in 1929 as the area surrounding Grand Central Terminal was experiencing a boom in skyscraper construction and transformation into one of the country’s leading financial centers.

St. Regis Hotel ARCHITECT: Trowbridge & Livingston DATE: 1901-04 STYLE: Beaux-Arts, Hotel The St. Regis Hotel is one of the most elegant and sophisticated Beaux-Arts style buildings in New York. Among the oldest of the early “skyscraper” hotels, it rises nineteen stories above the intersection of Fifth Avenue and East 55th Street. Begun in 1901, it was designed as the city’s most luxurious hotel by the firm of Trowbridge & Livingston. The st. Regis was commissioned by John Jacob Astor whose family had built the city’s first luxury hotel, the Astor House of 1836. The St. Regis is still one of the most important buildings on Fifth Avenue, contributing to the avenue’s fashionable character, reminding us all of its extraordinarily rich past.

Trans-Lux Theatre, 1937 Opened on May 16th, 1931, this was one of the city's first purpose-built "twin" cinemas. This second Trans-Lux theatre occupied the retail space of the new Lecourt (later Brill) Building. Its two small auditoriums each had its own box office and entrance, but they shared the wide marquee seen here. Opened during the Depression the twin theatres, which showed newsreels, shorts, and cartoons. The struggling venue limped along until 1937 when boxing champion Jack Dempsey and his business partner took over the space for a self-branded eatery. The Jack Dempsey’s Broadway Bar and Cocktail Lounge opened in 1937 and survived in the Brill Building until 1974. After vacating this space, Trans-Lux opened a much more successful, single-screen theatre at 1607 Broadway.

"Upwardly mobile, both literally and figuratively, in 1877 Belle Huntington moved with seven-year-old Archer from 109 Lexington Avenue, near 28th Street, to a large house uptown at 4 West 54th Street. By now a studious autodidact, passionately interested in art and interior design, she gutted the house, added a wing, and installed a stunning array of opulent features, including rosewood paneling, a stained glass skylight, brocade wall coverings, a Moorish smoking room, Turkish bath, Japanese bedroom and — the piece de resistance — one of the first Otis elevators in a private home. In June 1884, in her parlor, Arabella Yarrington Worsham married the recently widowed Collis P. Huntington — for the second time… Shortly after her wedding, Belle sold her furnished house on 54th Street to John D. Rockefeller, Sr. who, except for new carpets, barely changed a thing. And so Belle’s exuberant and imaginative Gilded Age decor remained intact until shortly after Rockefeller’s death in 1937, when his son demolished the building to make way for the construction of the Museum of Modern Art." Continue reading Margaret A. Brucia's profile of Archer Milton Huntington (co-founder of The Hispanic Society of America and other cultural institutions) in Gotham: A Blog for Scholars of New York City History.

Bimbo, “the heroic pup,” was a cartoon star before he became the boyfriend of Betty Boop, who originally was drawn with long dog ears. When censorship became a part of the film industry, and as Betty Boop lost her canine features, Bimbo was replaced by a human male, “Fearless Fred.” Readers were instructed to cut out the successive images of Bimbo and practice animation themselves.

Times Square, ca. 1977.

Radio City Music Hall ca. 1976 Radio City, and indeed all of Rockefeller Center, came out of a plan to move the Metropolitan Opera. In the late 1920s, a plan had sprung to use the Rockefeller site to build a new opera house, but due to a lack of an endowment and various internal issues, it was canceled. However, John D. Rockefeller Jr. had been brought in to the prospective plan and had no desire to leave the plan alone. Striking a deal with RCA, Rockefeller imagined Rockefeller Center (and Radio City) to be developed as a media center with large theatres. Theater mogul Samuel Roxy Rothafel, having joined the advisory board in 1930, suggested they build two theaters: The International Music Hall on the north side of the center and the RKO Roxy Theater on the south side of the center. While the design of both theaters was in the hands of Edwin Durell Stone and Donald Deskey, Roxy strived to create a more modern theater through his suggestions. Roxy envisioned a more sleek, oval theater that somewhat eschewed the tiered seatings of others. In its design, Stone matched Radio City Music Hall's exterior to the rest of Rockefeller Center in its use of limestone but designed its now-iconic signs to distinguish it. For its interior, Stone conceived of a grand foyer with high ceilings, a curved staircase, and a 220 square meter mural "Quest for the Fountain of Eternal Youth" painted by Ezra Winter. Deskey supposedly was appalled by Stone's design and created the rococo interior of the theater to help make it palatable in his eyes. Construction began in December of 1931, and a year later, the Radio City Music Hall (the name change from the International Music Hall Stemming from the partnership with RKO) was ready for a lavish public opening. The Rockettes had already made it their home and Roxy had planned a series of elaborate acts. The opening, as it turned out, was a colossal failure, boring even the center's patron John D. Rockefeller, but the design was immediately beloved. Initially running a huge deficit, Radio City Music Hall was forced to begin showing feature films and its mixed film and stage format made it successful. It became a go-to New York venue for premieres and until the 1970s would complete 4 performances of their "spectacle" a day. While in the 60s the hall flourished with millions of visitors, the 70s marked a decline for the theater. On April 12th, 1978, the Music Hall closed its doors, having projected a multi-million dollar loss for the year. With the theater's future in jeopardy, a huge campaign arose to save it. Its interior was landmarked, it was added to the national register of historic places, and many of its devotees protested and voiced their support. Rockefeller Center eventually ended up renovating the Music Hall and changing up its performance roster. Through diversification, use as a venue, and a multitude of strategies, in 1985, the Music Hall posted its first profit in three decades. Since renovated again, the Radio City Music Hall continues to operate and serve up shows such as its famous Radio City Christmas Spectacular.

New York City has long been considered the leading American center for arts and culture. The arts, especially theater, constitute one of New York’s primary economic forces. Throughout the 20th century, the LGBT community has had a significant and disproportionate impact on the Broadway stage, even as the New York Legislature-enacted Wales Padlock Law (1927-1967) made it illegal for theaters to show plays that featured gay and lesbian characters (though some productions managed to get around this restriction). This curated collection spotlights the Broadway Theater District and its associations with major LGBT performers and creators.

In 1835, artist and entrepreneur Jared Bell pioneered the large-format poster, which was rich with vivid colors to advertise a circus. By 1918, bold imagery and slogans calling attention to food, medicines, and entertainment filled New York's already saturated visual field.

Ogden Goelet Mansion (at right), ca. 1915. The Goelet family arrived in New York in the 17th century and began their real estate acquisitions early on. Ogden Goelet, made rich by the inherited wealth of his bachelor uncle and father, commissioned architect E. H. Kendall to design him a grand mansion. The four-story stone home, complete with light moat and ornate dormers and chimneys, was even more extravagant on the inside, with interiors designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany's early design firm called Associated Artists. The home was finished in 1884 and celebrated with a small society party of 500! The home hosted lavish events for the next few decades before being razed in 1930, following the death of Odgen's wife the year before. It was the last large mansions on Fifth Avenue below Central Park to be demolished.

1231 Sixth Avenue, ca. 1937. The crowd here on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets stand in front of a number of employment agencies. These include the Claremont Agency at no. 1231, the Atlantic Hippodrome Employment Agency at no. 1233, and the Geneva Agency at no. 1235. Though undated, the scene belies the massive employment lines that crowded New York streets for much of the Depression. The 50th Street station of the Sixth Avenue Elevated line is seen in the background. Service on this line ceased in late 1938 and it was razed in 1939, dating this photo to sometime prior.

On Sunday, October 12, 1823, a new Protestant Episcopal congregation was organized in a meeting room at 44 Broome Street. In July 1824, in accordance with the resolutions of that congregation, the cornerstone for the new St. Thomas Church was laid at the intersection of Broadway and Houston Street. By 1866 this part of town had turned seedy, impelling the worshippers to build a new church, which endures, at 53rd Street and Fifth Avenue. Saint Thomas's current structure, finished in 1914 and the fourth church built for the congregation, was designed in the French High Gothic Revival style by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and Ralph Adams Cram.

Hotel Mansfield ARCHITECT: Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen DATE: 1901-02 STYLE: Beaux-Arts BEAUX-ARTS MANHATTAN MIDTOWN WEST The Hotel Mansfield is a 12-story, red-brick and limestone Beaux-Arts style hotel located on the same prestigious Midtown block as the New York Yacht Club, the former Yale Club, the Harvard Club, the former Mechanics’ and Tradesmen’s Institute, the New York Bar Association, and the Algonquin Hotel. The Hotel Mansfield was an early example of the apartment hotel type that catered to well-to-do single men and childless couples, who resided in these buildings on a semi-permanent or even permanent basis, taking advantage of the services on offer such as common dining rooms, maid and laundry services, valets, and even private physicians. The architects Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen designed the Hotel Mansfield in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, in part, because of the style’s residential associations and flamboyance, which helped to set the hotel apart from other building types, such as office or commercial buildings.

James J. and Josephine Goodwin Residence ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White; Charles F. McKim; William Mead DATE: 1896-98 STYLE: Neo-Georgian This distinguished residence was built in 1896-98 for James Junius Goodwin, a prominent New York businessman. Designed in the neo-Georgian style by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, it is a handsome reminder of the fashionable townhouses that once characterized the West Fifties between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and is one of an ensemble of five townhouses on West 54th Street.

Fred F. French Building ARCHITECT: H. Douglas Ives and Sloan & Robertson DATE: 1926-27 STYLE: Near Eastern, Egyptian, Ancient Greek, Proto-Art Deco The design of this interior represents the stylistic compromise between lingering historicism and the modernistic trends which typified the architecture of the late 1920s. The interior continues the architectural historicism of the building’s exterior and is exceptional for the eclectic blend of Near Eastern, Egyptian, ancient Greek and proto-Art Deco influences. The lavish marble walls and floors, polychromatic vaults and gilt bronze wall fixtures of the public areas of the first-floor interior render the French Building among the finest commercial palaces of the late 1920s.

Lady Chapel, St. Patrick's Cathedral ca. 1905 A sophisticated version of French Gothic architecture, this delicate little chapel attaches itself as a jewel to the coarser fabric of the cathedral proper. It reminds us of that period of medieval architecture when the builders were straining stone masonry construction to the limit in order to achieve new effects of lightness and daring.

The Museum of Primitive Art (far left, No. 15), Nelson Rockefeller townhouse (second from left, No. 13), ca. 1971 Rockefeller, the four-term Governor of New York and Vice President under Gerald Ford, founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954, in one of two twin townhouses he owned on West 54th Street. In 1979, he died of a heart attack at 13 West 54th Street. Rockefeller's death became something of a tabloid scandal after it emerged that he died not at his Rockefeller Center office, as initial reports had claimed, but at an office in the West 54th Street townhouse, where he had been in the company of a younger female aide. The buildings at center and right are the Rhodes School (Nos. 9-11) and No. 7 West 54th Street.

St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1946. Construction on James Renwick Jr.'s massive Gothic Revival cathedral began in 1858 to replace the 1815-completed St. Patrick's Church on Mulberry Street. Church construction was paused during the Civil War and resumed in 1865. Dedicated on May 25, 1879, the church towered over nearly all of the built environment of the then sparsely developed neighborhood. The church rose even taller in 1888 when the spires were added to the Fifth Avenue facade. Between 2012 and 2015, a $177 million restoration project repaired the stained glass windows, restored the ceiling, and cleaned and re-cut stones of the spires. Some fun facts:🎉 The church seats more than 2200 people. It has three organs. The Archbishops of New York are buried in a crypt under the high altar. The Pieta is three times larger than the Pieta in St. Peter's, Rome.

The Lyceum Theatre on 45th Street, which opened November 2, 1903 is the oldest continuously operating playhouse in Times Square Theatre District . Though the New Amsterdam Theatre and the Hudson Theatre opened earlier that same year, both spaces flirted with careers as movie theaters. The Lyceum holds the distinction of being the District’s oldest continually play-producing theatre, and in 1974, it was the first Broadway theater to be landmarked.

St. Regis Hotel ca. 1905 If one had sought out the most handsomely decorated hotel in Manhattan in the early nineteen-hundreds, one might well have turned to the new St. Regis, where rich marbles, bronze, and wood were displayed in a series of splendid salons, corridors, and suites designed by the firm of Trowbridge & Livingston. Today these glowing bronze doors still greet the visitor on arrival.

Radio City Music Hall (Rockefeller Center) ARCHITECT: Associated Architects DATE: 1931-32 STYLE: Art Deco The Radio City Music Hall is the only surviving Art Deco theater in the country to incorporate so great a variety of architectural, artistic, and decorative features. When the Music Hall was completed in 1932 it was rapidly recognized both nationally and internationally for its artistic and technical excellence and it was considered one of the finest designs in the history of modern theater. The artwork in the Music Hall was executed in novel materials by the leading designers, sculptors, and artists of the period. The auditorium of the Music Hall incorporates many unusual features, such as shallow balconies and side ramps. The great arched ceiling of the auditorium incorporates the complex lighting system as well as the air-conditioning and sound equipment. It is the only theater of its kind in the country, making it a principal attraction to New Yorkers and tourists.

Jack and Charlie's "21," date unknown The story of the bar that ended up here at 21 West 52nd Street began downtown. Cousins Jack Kriendler and Charlie Berns opened a speakeasy called the Red Head on East 4th Street in 1922. Jack and Charlie's venture moved to 88 Washington Place (it was called the Fronton here) and then 42 West 49th Street (called the Puncheon Club here). The Puncheon Club became one of the most popular speakeasies in town, with famous actors, artists, and politicians as regulars. They were forced out of their 49th Street digs by the development of Rockefeller Center in the late 1920s. Reopened as "Jack and Charlie's 21" here circa 1930, the club continued its illicit activities. They had clever ways to avoid detection. If the case of a raid, employees would push a button to enact a system of levers used to tip the shelves of the bar, sweeping the bottles down a chute and into the city's sewer system. After Prohibition ended the venue continued as a bar (legally) and restaurant. Supposedly a number of celebrities and politicians (JFK, Elizabeth Taylor, Sammy Davis, Jr. to name a few) have stored their personal wine collections here. Known today at the 21 Club, the 37 jockeys that line the facade remain (and even got a restoration in 2015).

Lyceum Theater ARCHITECT: Herts & Tallant DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Beaux-Arts Among its important qualities, the Lyceum Theatre is the oldest playhouse in New York City still serving the legitimate stage. During its history, many notable actors and actresses have appeared there. It was designed in the ornate Beaux-Arts style by the noted theatre architects Herts & Tallant. It contains extensive and innovative theatrical facilities, and is visually dramatic, creating a special atmosphere contributing to the excitement of the theatre and recalling an exciting era in American theatrical history.

Ziegfeld Theatre, ca. 1927. Constructed in 1927 by architect Joseph Urban, the Ziegfeld Theatre was the William Randolph Hearst-funded brainchild of Florenz Ziegfeld. Urban had also been a set designer for the Ziegfeld Follies in the 1910s and as a movie designer for Hearst's production company in the 1920s. The theatre was owned and managed by Ziegfeld until his death in 1932, at which point it became a movie theatre. In 1943 theatre impresario, showman and lyricist Billy Rose purchased the building for his productions. He remained successful in this location for about a decade but business declined in the mid 1950s, likely due to its location further uptown than the popular theatre district. Rose leased the space for filming television shows starting in 1955, and reopened it a Broadway theatre for a brief stint in 1965. He also purchased some adjacent lots in the hopes of selling to a developer. He died in 1966 and his estate did just that. A skyscraper was built on the site, which from 1969 until 2016 included a single screen movie theatre called "The Ziegfeld." The 1927 theatre was a gorgeous Art Deco limestone building with a bowed facade decorated with classically based ornamentation rendered in Deco and modernist forms. The large oval shaped auditorium, which sat 1660 patrons, was topped by a colorful mural of overlapping medieval, biblical, and literary scenes on the ceiling.

Central Substation, IND Subway, entrance detail, ca. 1994. Much of the infrastructure for the IND subway lines are designed in an Art Deco syle owing to their construction in the late 1920s and 1930s. This Central Substation was the largest of the IND powerhouses. The building is four-stories and constructed of a tan brick. Completed in 1932, the Art Deco lettering and ornamentation above the doors and at the roofline still remains.

Mrs. O.H.P Belmont Residence, ca. 1910. This neoclassical three-story townhouse was designed by the architecture firm of Hunt & Hunt for Alva Belmont and her second husband Oliver Belmont (though he died before the home was finished). Following her husband's death, she commissioned an additional wing on the home to house his collection of medieval and early Renaissance armor. The Armory as the large gallery was known hosted women suffragists events during Alva's later progressive years. She sold the home in 1923 (the armor collection went to the Metropolitan Museum). The Catholic Charities of the New York Archdiocese later occupied the mansion. The Archdiocese sold the building to a developer in the early 1950s who demolished it for a 23-story office building designed by Kahn & Jacobs.

Belasco Theatre, September 1936. Originally called the Stuyvesant Theatre, the theatre building was completed in 1907 by architect George Keister for impresario David Belasco. Belasco lived and worked in a large duplex apartment above the auditorium. The theatre had both a spectacularly designed interior, with Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels and ornamental woodwork, and new advanced technology, with modern lighting rigs and a hydraulic fly system. Belasco renamed the building for himself in 1910 and it continued to produce theatrical performances. Purchased in 1949 by the Shuberts, they leased it for use as an NBC studio for three years. In 1952 it returned to its original function and remains a Broadway house today.

Windsor Hotel, 1885.

Times Square ca. 1923

International Casino, date unknown (post 1937). The International Casino was an Art Deco building designed by Thomas Lamb and Eugene DeRosa on the site of the Olympia Theatre. It was not a casino in the late 20th century sense of gambling, but a diner club and entertainment venue. The casino only lasted from 1937 until 1940 when a large clothing retailer took over the space on the corner of 45th Street and stayed in business until 1977. In 1980 the Bond's International Casino opened as a nightclub. A popular venue for rock acts, the building hosted Blue Oyster Cult, the Clash, the Dead Kennedys, and Blondie. The venue only survived until 1988. By the 1990s Roundabout Theatre Company had taken over the space and by 2000 it was the world's largest Toys "R" Us. In 2016 the entire blockfront between 44th and 45th Streets was once again demolished for a planned commercial space to house flagship stores of The Gap and Old Navy. During the excavation for the new building, remnants of the 1895 Olympia Theatre were discovered.

Americana Hotel, ca. 1970. Constructed on the plot that was once occupied by a massive Moorish castle-esque warehouse, the Americana of New York was one of the tallest hotels in the world when completed in 1962. It was also the first hotel with over 1000 rooms to be built since the Waldorf-Astoria in 1931. Designed by Morris Lapidus, better known for his "Miami Modern" style, the Americana was rendered in a bent slab style with some modern flourishes at the ground level entrance. The hotel hosted famous performers at its supper club, The Royal Box. It also was the location for a number of political events, serving as Democratic headquarters for the 1976 Democratic National Convention and 1980 Democratic National Convention. In early November 1972, Brooklyn Congressman Shirley Chisholm stood up in front of 1300 supporters to announce her intention to run for the Presidency. The hotel still stands today as the Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel and remains one of the tallest hotels in the world.

Chalmers Knitting Mill was founded in Amsterdam, New York (on the Mohawk River, northwest of Schenectady) in 1901. They used a revolutionary knitting process to manufacture long underwear (which was a ubiquitous article of clothing for men at the time). The patented process was called 'Porosknit,' and it left small holes in material allowing a person’s skin to breathe (union suits up to that point were usually hot and uncomfortable). They later further transformed the underwear market in the 1910s by dividing the union suit into two pieces — top and bottom. (oh happy day!) The underwear company had an uneven financial history but tended to do well during war years as they manufactured goods for the military. 1917 must have been a flush year as they were able to afford a fancy electric sign in the prime location of Times Square!

Art Deco architecture flourished in Europe and the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Spurred by the 1925 Paris exhibition Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes which boasted over 16 million visitors, structures such as the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building began dotting the New York City skyline. The following are photos from MCNY's collection that struck me as particularly beautiful in their exemplification of Art Deco architecture.

My Archive Spring 2019 "I love old photographs of buildings and architecture, especially if my family is in them! This is my beautiful Mom, Maria Bambace Lofaro, who had immigrated from Italy a few years before this photo was taken, so this must be around 1953-54? A family friend or relative must have taken it. This could have been a big outing for my Mom because she lived in Greenwich Village, and they ventured to Midtown." —Mary Lofaro

Rockefeller Apartments ARCHITECT: Harrison & Fouilhoux DATE: 1935-37 STYLE: Apartment Rockefeller Apartments were commissioned by John D. Rockefeller,Jr., and Nelson Rockefeller. Rockefeller Apartments changed the current standards in apartment house planning, giving 15 percent more space to light and air than required by the building codes. Other apartment house plans sought only to provide the maximum number of livable and rentable rooms using every available inch.

Manhattan Storage, 1936. Constructed in 1899 as a warehouse for the Manhattan Storage Company, this massive building was designed by the firm of J. E. Ware & Son. Ware was most famously known as the creator of the "dumbbell" or "old law" design of New York City tenement buildings. He won a tenement design contest in 1879 organized by a magazine in response to the new housing law that required air shafts.

My Archive Summer 2019 “My family is on the way to Radio City for my birthday celebration. But what is a visit to the city without going to Rockefeller Center? I love the hats my sister and I are wearing. That was when you dressed up to go to the City. We were from Bayside, Queens, so Manhattan was always the City. We are wearing hats and white gloves.” —Marueen Engeleit

Museum of Modern Art, 1976. The Museum of Modern Art began as the brainchild of three women in 1929: Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Lillie P. Bliss, and Mary Quinn Sullivan. The women rented rooms in the Heckscher building on Fifth Avenue with the idea of creating a museum that championed modern art, especially the new European modernist artists. Bringing in A. Conger Goodyear as the museum's president as well as other influential trustees, Rockefeller and co were able to open to the public in November of 1929. Abby's husband (John D. Rockefeller Jr.) wouldn't pay for the endeavor as it began and the Museum had several temporary sites after the Heckscher building, including Rockefeller Center. However, he eventually donated land for MOMA's permanent (and current) home. It was in 1939 that the MOMA's new site, notable for architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durrell Stone's international design, opened to the public

The design and craftsmanship within the spaces Goelet Building make it among the finest examples of an Art Deco commercial interior. The marble polychromy, the horizontal and vertical battens, the inlay, and the aluminium leaf, characteristic components of the Art Deco, effectively define the sequence of these spaces. Robert Goelet, a financer, and real estate developer wished a building that would be comparable in architectural merit and prestige to the family mansion it replaced and would also complement the use and appearance of the buildings of the adjacent Rockefeller Center, then under construction. The decoration of the ceilings covered with aluminum leaf, with the exception of the Goelet swan, a specific and realistic referent to the client, offers a broad range of stylized and geometricized Art Deco elements.

W.H. Vanderbilt Residences ca. 1898 William H. Vanderbilt purchased the entire block front on the west side of Fifth Avenue between 51st and 52nd streets in 1879, having recently inherited a fortune from his father, Cornelius Vanderbilt. Architects John B. Snook and Charles Atwood designed twin houses connected by a glass atrium and entrance vestibule, and the famed Herter Brothers decorated the houses with such extravagance that Artistic Houses devoted 17 pages to its interiors upon their completion in 1883. W.H. Vanderbilt and his wife lived in the southern house, while their two daughters and sons-in-law occupied the other.

"Madison Ave., east side, north from and including East 52nd Street. The 2-story building on the N.E. corner of East 52nd Street, is the Walker-Gordon Laboratory with the Juillard Music Foundation Building adjoining it on the east." Walker-Gordon was a company established in 1891 by Dr. Thomas M. Rotch, scientist Gustavus A. Gordon, and business man George H. Walker in response to high infant mortality. The men of science knew they could greatly reduce these deaths by careful prescription feeding and Walker financed the company. Walker-Gordon produced high quality milk products from labs in Boston, New York City (the building seen in this photograph), and a 180-acre farm in Plainsboro, New Jersey.

Fifth Avenue at the southeast corner of 46th Street, 1946. Notice the two versions of double-decker Fifth Avenue Coaches waiting at the light. On the left, an older model, likely a Yellow Coach-produced Type Z (1930) with a covered upper level. The bus on the right is a Model 735 (1936-1938), which was called the Queen Mary because of its supposed likeness to the cruise ship.

RFK was interviewed on WEVD radio, an indication of the Forward’s deep support of progressive politics. The call letters are the initials of American socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, who was a candidate for president four times, including once from prison, where he was serving time for defying a court injunction against a strike.

New York Yacht Club, 1908. Founded in 1844, the New York Yacht Club has long been the home of New Yorkers' most prestigious yachtsmen. From the beginning the New Yorkers distinguished themselves. Winning America’s Cup in 1857, the New York Yacht Club successfully defended it twenty-four times in a row before losing in 1983, the longest winning streak measured in years in the history of sports. Its current (and primary clubhouse) was built in 1901 following a series of lesser homes throughout the city. The NYYC commissioned the architecture firm Warren & Wetmore to design them a permanent home in 1898. The resulting Beaux-Art design established Warren & Wetmore’s reputation and in 1987 was designated at National Historic Landmark.

Sperry-Rand Building, September 11, 1963. Designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons, the massive Sperry-Rand Building, completed in 1963, stand 43-stories high and includes two million square feet of space. In the 1970s the Sperry Corporation, which had been founded in Brooklyn in 1910 to manufacture navigation equipment, sold typewriters, office equipment, electronic digital computers for business and the military, farm and aviation equipment, and consumer products like razors. These items were each produced under their own separate businesses but they formed the Sperry conglomerate.

Lyceum Theater Interior ARCHITECT: Herts & Tallant DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The significant architectural features of this theatre include a lobby with a vaulted domed ceiling and murals, and an auditorium with an elaborate Beaux-Arts style proscenium arch, carved ornament, and elaborate and handsome ceiling. The arch also has flanking boxes covered by projecting hoods, each adorned with oversize gilded plaster swags and cartouches bearing the monogram “L.” The center of the proscenium arch is crowned by an enormous sculpture group representing ” Pallas-Athena, the Goddess of Wisdom, accompanied by Music and Drama.”

Church of St. Mary the Virgin Complex ARCHITECT: Napoleon Le Brun & Sons; Pierre Le Brun DATE: 1894-1985 STYLE: Gothic-inspired St. Mary’s was designed to evoke, in the church and Lady Chapel, the 13th-century French Gothic style and, in the Rectory, Clergy and Mission Houses, the 14th-century French Gothic style. The result is one of the finest Gothic-inspired designs of New York’s late 19th-century. The steel frame construction of the church can be said to have made the building the first of its kind and size in the world, thus redefining the conventional methods of ecclesiastical building construction. Among the building’s several specific Anglo-catholic characteristics are the subjects selected for the sculptures of J. Massey Rhind.

Rockefeller Center at Christmas, ca. 1945 While the official Christmas tree tradition at Rockefeller Center began in 1933– when 30 Rockefeller Plaza opened, its tradition began during the Depression-era construction when workers decorated a smaller 20 foot tree on Christmas Eve. According to Rockefeller Center, workers pooled money for that tree with the garlands made by workers' families.

The New York Hippodrome, view across the tracks of the Sixth Avenue El, ca. 1905. The Hippodrome, a massive Midtown entertainment venue, opened in 1905, two blocks north of Bryant Park. During its heyday, Hippodrome acts included leading vaudeville performers, musical acts, circus animals, and the celebrated illusionist Harry Houdini. As entertainment tastes shifted alongside the proliferation of motion picture halls, the Hippodrome struggled to stay afloat. The venue closed for good in 1939 an was demolished shortly thereafter. A modern skyscraper known as "The Hippodrome Building" was built in the site during the 1950s.

My Archive Summer 2019

Sixth Avenue El demolition at 50th Street, 1939. Constructed in the 1870s, the Sixth Avenue El was the second elevated line erected in the city (after the Ninth Avenue El). After nearly 60 years of shadowing Sixth Avenue, shaking its adjacent buildings, and dropping all sorts of debris from its tracks, the Sixth Avenue El's death knell was sounded when the city began work on the underground Sixth Avenue Line in 1936. The city purchased the line for $12.5 million and made plans for its demolition. Following a loud and boisterous trip, as passengers stripped the train car for souvenirs, the final IRT Sixth Avenue Elevated train rumbled into the station at 53rd Street and Eighth Avenue at 11:26pm on December 4, 1938. The last passengers made off with destination signs, light bulbs, and straps, all the while smoking cigarettes in flagrant disregard of the printed signage (which was likely stolen too)! The process of razing the elevated structure began in early 1939. The Wurts Brothers captured this crowded process of demolition at 50th Street. The IND Sixth Avenue Line opened in December 1940, two years and one week after the elevated ceased operations.

13 West 54th Street House (far left) ARCHITECT: Henry J. Hardenbergh DATE: 1896-97 This handsome townhouse was built in 1896-97 as one of a pair with No. 15 West 54th Street for William Murray, a prominent businessman from Larchmont, New York. Designed in a Renaissance-inspired style by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, the residence is a distinguished example of the fashionable townhouses that once characterized the West Fifties between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and is one of an ensemble of five townhouses on West 54th Street.

Completed in 1961, the Equitable Life Assurance Building was designed in the International style by the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (architects of Lever House and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust, among others). With this new building, the Equitable Company moved uptown from its long-held (and disaster-tinged) location at 120 Broadway. The building includes a 42-story main tower and a 14-story mid-block wing. Rendered in a glass curtain wall with low profile aluminum spandrels, the building appears to have a glassier facade than it truly does. The occupancy of the building was well announced with massive lighted signage at the top floors. Once reading Equitable, the lighted sign now declares UBS the building's major tenant.

Museum of Modern Art, 1939. In 1929, Lillie P. Bliss, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and Mary Quinn Sullivan founded the Museum of Modern Art to encourage and promote the schools of modern art developing abroad. The museum's 1939 glass-and-steel building, designed by Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durrell Stone, remains a striking architectural presence in the museum.

Designed expressly as a showcase for jewelry, this building has always provided an exquisite background for the display of gems and silverware. The simple show windows are well set off between handsome piers which lead the eye up to one of the most beautiful cornices in Manhattan.

Roxy Theatre ca. 1932 One of the great, lost movie theaters of New York City, the RKO Roxy Theatre was like a little sibling to Radio City Music Hall, both of which opened in December 1932 on the Sixth Avenue side of Rockefeller Center. It wasn’t as large or as sumptuous as Radio City, but it still boasted a distinctively elegant Art Deco design. Intended to be a movie palace, it claimed to have the largest chandelier in the world in its auditorium, and when visitors weren’t busy enjoying the entertainment, they could descend from the Grand Foyer to the Grand Lounge in the theater’s basement. In spite of the building’s charms, however, it was never a great commercial success. Known as the Center Theater for most of its existence, it tried hosting live shows, television broadcasts, and even some ice skating, before eventually being demolished in 1954.

30 Rock ca. 1938 Rockefeller Center has a visionary dimension: it materialized a microcosm of the twenties' ideal, rationalized city of the future. Unprecedented in its sweeping scale of "urban renewal" (decades before the term was invented), Rockefeller Center replaced three full city blocks of low-rise, low-rent buildings, stretching from Forty-eighth to Fifty-first Streets between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, with a skyscraper complex of more than a dozen mixed-use buildings, with its multiple towers, widely spaced for sunlight and views. The centerpiece of the harmonious architectural ensemble was the seventy-story RCA Building, a tower that took the new form of a "slab," rather than the stepped pyramid produced by the zoning law, and that achieved a titanic scale, a volume of more than two million square feet, that was matched only by the Empire State Building. Raymond Hood and Harvey Wiley Corbett collaborated as key senior figures on the Center's larger team of designers, called the Associated Architects of Rockefeller Center. In the earliest stages of the design, Corbett advised on the overall site plan, advocating for plazas and arcades, a two-story commercial mall that bridged the cross streets, and separate pedestrian and vehicular zones, as in his visionary proposals. Hood's major contributions to Rockefeller Center were the massing of the RCA Building and the introduction of roof gardens throughout the complex.xtensive development of roof areas as interlocking gardens and a lofty observation deck created a romantic landscape in the sky that surpassed the visionary drawings by Hugh Ferriss of the early 1920s. Raymond Hood saw roof gardens as a transformative element in the modern metropolis. He objected to ìthe dirty-brown cluttered waste of unrelieved ugliness which is the roof view of New York we have accepted as inevitable.î Instead, as he wrote in "Hanging Gardens of New York," The New York Times Magazine article shown here, tower occupants could enjoy "a picture to which art and nature have contributed color and design with a note of gayety." Hood proposed nearly seven acres of gardens for Rockefeller Center, covering two thirds of the total roof area. To sell this idea to his businessmen clients, Hood emphasized the gardens' economic value. Water H. Kilham Jr., who worked on the project, recounted how Hood approached the developmentís manager J. R. Todd, disingenuously inquiring how much rental value might be gained if the Center's towers overlooked an open space like Bryant Park. When Todd replied "Around an additional dollar per square foot." Hood exclaimed: "A dollar, Mr. Todd! . . .Do you know there will be about seven acres of roof over the lower parts of Radio City? A lot of office space will look out over those roofs. At a dollar more per square foot extra you could afford to landscape those roofs like the hanging gardens of Babylon." Not long afterward, Kilham recalled, "the architectural sculptor RenÈ Chambellan was indicating foliage in plasticine on the model of the roofs, and I was working out a system of wire netting that would retain the roots of trees so they wouldnít blow over in the relatively shallow soil." About four acres of gardens were actually constructed at Rockefeller Center.

Brill Building ARCHITECT: Victor A. Bark, Jr. DATE: 1930-31 STYLE: Art Deco Designed in the Art Deco style by architect Victor A. Bark, Jr., the white brick elevations feature handsome terra-cotta reliefs, as well as two niches that prominently display stone and brass portrait busts that most likely portray the developer’s son, Alan, who died as the building was being planned. A remarkable number of tenants have been music publishers, but the building is also notable for attracting an evolving roster of songwriters, booking agents, vocal coaches, publicity agents, talent agents, and performers

Cort Theatre, undated. Built in 1912 by famed theatre architect Thomas W. Lamb for producer John Cort, the Cort Theatre sat more than 1000 patrons. The exterior was modeled after the Petit Trianon, a small chateau on the grounds of Versailles, while the interior was decorated in an over the top Louis XVI-style with marble and elaborate plaster panels. The Shubert Organization has owned the theatre since 1927, and it was named a designated NYC landmark in 1987.

View of Rockefeller Center from 30 Rockefeller Plaza, ca. 1934.

Association of the Bar of the City of New York ARCHITECT: Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz DATE: 1895-96 STYLE: Classic Eclectic Although severe in its Classic Eclectic design, the limestone facade of this building has great strength and dignity as befits a structure housing distinguished members of the legal profession. With two entrances, one on 43rd Street and the other on 44th Street, the latter is the most important. This consists of a recessed porch with two magnificent fluted Doric columns. A strong horizontal stone band separates the base from the second floor and extends the entire width of the building. Rising above and extending through the third and fourth stories are four pairs of well proportioned Corinthian pilasters forming three distinct bays of which the center one is wider than those on either side. The windows of the third floor are small, but those on the fourth are wide with small Ionic columns at each window.

With the United States entering the First World War in April of 1917, many U.S. social groups began raising funds to help support the troops abroad.

International Casino, ca. 1937.

University Club ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White; Charles F. McKim DATE: 1896-1900 STYLE: Italian Renaissance The University Club on its conspicuous corner site is one of the most handsome buildings on Fifth Avenue. Although this granite building of stately and noble proportions closely resembles a sixteenth-century Italian Renaissance palazzo, its exterior displays a combination of original architectural features. The handsome facade is divided into three main horizontal divisions separated by two strongly defined band courses. Each of the three divisions contains a row of large arched windows.

Charles Scribner's Sons Building ARCHITECT: Ernest Flagg DATE: 1912-13 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The interior of this building is a fine example of Beaux-Arts commercial space, which created an appropriate image for the sale of books. It represents Ernest Flagg’s ideas on the interrelationship of exterior and interior design and planning. The flamboyant ironwork which frames the first floor interior exemplifies some of the best design and craftsmanship of the early 20th century. The two-story vaulted space, organized as a basilica-like form, with its mezzanine, balconies, and clerestory is outstanding for its complex spatial elements and beauty of form, as articulated in the elegant mirrored end-wall, graceful central staircase, spiral staircase on the south side, and delicate cast-iron railings.

Remains of the Windsor Hotel, 1899. This photograph is dated one day after the massive Windsor Hotel fire that claimed the lives of more than 90 people. The charred ruins of the building were not demolished immediately and the search for victims went on for nearly a month. Despite suggesting that they would erect a monument to the tragedy's victims, hotel proprietor Warren F. Leland and land owner Elbridge T. Gerry ended up using the site for billboards in the year after the fire. In 1901 a new three-story building, the Windsor Arcade, was constructed and housed luxury shops. It was later demolished in 1910.

International Building Interior ARCHITECT: Associated Architects DATE: 1933-34 STYLE: Modernist The ground floor interior with accompanying mezzanine floor interior of the International Building is one of the grandest and most dramatic interior spaces in the Rockefeller Center complex and a major component of the Center’s second largest building. This interior follows the east-west axis of the International Building at the northern end of the Center. The lobby gains its effect from the form of the space and its decorative finishes. The elements of the design and rich materials are not only characteristic of Modernist design, but are also some of the finest examples of their type.

Central Doorway of RCA Building, 1933. Designed by Raymond Hood, the head architect of the Rockefeller Center complex, 30 Rockefeller Plaza was originally built for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) between 1931 and 1933. The 30-story building has an austere Art Deco facade with Gothic elements. The Art Deco decoration is best seen at ground level and features heroic and mythical themes (inspired by the Rockefeller's philosopher consultant). The relief above the center door seen here was created by Lee Oscar Lawrie, a preeminent architectural sculptor (he also created the statue of Atlas with Rene Paul Chambellan for the complex). The relief called Wisdom considers the power of universe; the central, bearded figure (biblical or perhaps Zeus) holds a compass. He is blowing away clouds, which represent ignorance. With the compass he is directing the cosmic forces. The quote inscribed below the figure comes from the Old Testament Book of Isaiah: "Wisdom and Knowledge Shall Be The Stability Of Thy Times." He is flanked by smaller reliefs depicting Sound and Light.

Columbia University Midtown Campus, ca. 1897. Between 1857 and 1897, Columbia University was located between Madison and Park Avenues from 49th to 50th Streets. This location was the school's second home after moving north from Park Place. At the time, the school was known as 'Columbia College' —it would be christened 'Columbia University' upon its move to the Morningside Heights.

The St. Patrick's Day Parade, looking south on Fifth Avenue from St. Patrick's Cathedral, March 1942.

Windsor Arcade ca. 1907 Though long gone now, the Windsor Arcade once sparkled with lightbulbs, columns, and ornaments as people wandered through its shops. However, its whimsical nature covered up a much more serious history. It was St. Patricks Day, 1899 when parade attendees suddenly began to notice cries for help and smoke coming from the 1872 Windsor Hotel. Horror soon struck the crowd as they watched people throw themselves from windows and become engulfed in flames. The fire escapes, which were simply ropes, couldn't adequately assist victims in reaching the ground; many fell to grievous injury or death. In the end, almost a hundred people perished in the fire and the hotel was entirely raised. While Warren Leland, the hotel's manager, wished to rebuild, Eldridge T. Gerry, the owner of the land, rented the space to billboards while considering the problem. Eventually, Gerry's architect, Charles Berg came up with the flamboyant Beaux Art structure that Gerry dubbed "The Windsor Arcade." The Arcade occupied a full city block, complete with street-level stores, offices on the second story, and studios on the third. All this surrounded a courtyard with an elaborate arcaded entrance on Fifth Avenue. Lit up by electric light bulbs, many argued about its taste, but none could deny that set among around the surrounding brick buildings, it was eye-catching. The Windsor Arcade eventually meet its end as well; it was demolished in parts during the early 20th century, giving way to towers.

The Marble Twin's Story begins with the construction of the St. Regis Hotel. Furious about the 18 story hotel, the wealthy denizens of the neighborhood began rapidly buying up the surrounding real estate in order to control development. On Fifth Avenue between the Union Club and the Plant mansion, George Vanderbilt commissioned the firm Hunt & Hunt to build two matching townhouses. The houses that would become known as the marble twins were built such that they could be combined to form a larger mansion. Completed in 1905, they were in the style of Louis XV and presented Fifth Avenue with a unified facade. The Vanderbilts then sold them to wealthy friends (along with conditions that hotels or apartment buildings would never be built on the grounds.) The Goelet family moved into 547 and Willaim B. Sloane purchased the other for his daughter. Eventually, as society moved northward, the two twins were converted for commercial purposes. Gimpel & Wildenstein, fine art dealers, leased 547 Fifth Avenue and used it as a gallery to sell their collection of old masters. It would largely remain unchanged until American Express renovated it in 1938 in a commercial alteration that destroyed its graceful stone balcony and refined the first story. Seven years later, its twin 645 Fifth Avenue would be demolished. 647 Fifth Avenue would survive though and when Versace leased it in 1995 it would pay for a restoration of its original balcony and first floor. The corner twin is now the last of the many Vanderbilt built mansions that once lined this part of Fifth Avenue.

Seventh Avenue, north from West 48th Street, ca. 1929.

Mechanics Institute, ca. 1915. The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen was founded as an institution in 1785 to provide cultural, educational and social services to families of skilled craftsmen. In 1820 the General Society opened one of the city’s first free schools. Following the city getting its act together regarding public education, the Society converted their free public school in the Mechanics Institute in 1859. The Mechanics Institute provided adult education, particularly in technical subjects, and library was thought to be an alternative venue for adults (to keep the working classes from gambling and drinking). In 1899 the General Society moved into the Renaissance-style building on 44th Street. The building had been constructed in 1891 as the Berkeley School, a private boy's prep school. Designed by Lamb & Rich, the building had the look of a library or professional association, with large banks of windows on the second and third floors. The school founder sold the building to the General Society after some financial issues, and the large drill hall on the first floor was converted into the library. In 1905 the General Society also had architect Ralph Townsend add three stories to the top of the building and remove the the stoop to create a ground-floor entrance. Today the building continues to provide free educational programming. And in a contentious deal in 2008 the institution sold their unused air rights, which allowed a developer to add additional stories to an already planned new building around the corner.

On October 20th, 1996, in the F.Y.I. column of the New York Times, a reader wrote in: "When I was a child back in the 1950s, I seem to recall shaking hands with Mr. Peanut in Times Square. Was I dreaming?" The response from the Times was no, and the explanation that "Mr. Peanut was an employee of the Planter's Peanut store at 1560 Broadway." The store is pictured in the above postcard. Planter's Peanuts was founded in 1906 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Mr. Peanut, its dapperly dressed mascot, was developed in 1916 and has changed very little since. Planter's opened stores across the country, operating about 200 locations by 1960. The Times Square location was the largest of the franchise. The store and its 15,000 bulb sign became an icon in its own right, quickly gaining popularity in the years following the end of World War II. The "Planters Peanuts Advertising and Collectibles," a 1978 guide to the memorabilia of the company written by Richard D. and Barbara Reddock, is quoted in the Times' response, describing the Broadway location shop with "glass display cases, a roasting machine, a large 10-foot papier-mache Mr. Peanut, a cast-iron Mr. Peanut scale... a couple of costumes." These costumes included Mr. Peanut's quintessential black cane, and an outfit of "white spats, cuffs, and gloves," to accessorize the hard-plastic "shell" mask and top hat an employee would have to wear over his head. For the duration of the workday, Mr. Peanut could be seen parading up and down Broadway. On some occasions, he would even give out free bags of peanuts. The Times Square shop was closed in 1961. Standard Brands acquired Planter's Peanuts, which saw little need for retail stores. The rest of the Planter's stores followed suit.

"A view of the southeast corner of 45th Street, showing the portion of building containing Loew's New York Theatre, 1935." In 1895 Oscar Hammerstein I opened the Olympia Theatre, which housed a theatre, a music hall, a concert hall, and a roof garden. The complex had two main auditorium spaces: the Olympia Music Hall and the Lyric. Hammerstein was forced to sell the theatre complex in 1898 under financial strain.The imposing French Renaissance building was sold at auction in individual sections, and those sections remained theatrical and cinematic venues under a variety of names over the next 40 years. In this photograph, the darker building at left is the Loew's New York Theatre, which originally housed the Olympia Music Hall (thought it had been reduced in size after Hammerstein sold it). The building at the far right (on the north east corner of 44th Street, behind the large billboard) is the Criterion, which had been the original Lyric. Both buildings and the light colored stone structure at center made up the entire original Olympia complex. In 1936 the entire blockfront was demolished, though some sources claim parts of the original structures was kept. At the south corner of 45th (at left) the International Casino was constructed, while at the north corner of 44th (at far right) a modern movie house called the Criterion was erected.

St. Patrick's Cathedral ca. 1883 In order to build a new Cathedral representing New York's status, John Hughes set about raising funds, seeking out one hundred wealthy Catholics to contribute $1,000 each to a start-up fund. He expected another $100,000 in contributions in the second year. A substantial mortgage and contributions from the parishes of the city would finance the remainder of the approximately $1,000,000 that was projected. Construction on the cathedral began as the New York economy slowly recovered from the setbacks of the Panic of 1857, but work was suspended in 1860, due to a lack of funds and to tensions leading up to the Civil War. Hughes died in 1864 before work resumed. Starting in 1867, the Archdiocese began assessing parishes sums ranging from $150 to $5,000 annually toward construction costs for the cathedral. These assessments continued until 1876. By 1871, more than $1,071,000 had been collected. By the fall of 1878, the cathedral was essentially complete, although the architect had scaled back his plans somewhat. The spires over the western twin towers shown here, perhaps inspired by those of the Cologne cathedral, and other optional details like the flying buttresses were left for succeeding generations to finish. Persistent shortfalls in funding plagued the cathedral construction project. In 1873, the trustees mortgaged the Archbishop's residence to help close the building deficit. A final fundraiser was a diocese-wide Grand Fair held in the completed but unfurnished edifice. The fair featured booths from each of the city's 45 parishes. The fair's program included advertisements from sponsors, such as Tiffany & Co. and Hecker's Self-Rising Flour. Opening night celebrations, lit by 1400 gas jets, drew more than 20,000 people, including Mayor Smith Ely and various other municipal dignitaries. Visitors paid the 25¢ admission fee and then purchased raffle tickets for donated goods in the various parish booths. Over the course of the 42-day fair, they could also visit the shrine of the Lourdes grotto or the floral pavilion created from cut flowers. The fair had attractions for all ages, including "Fish Pond" for children, a tobacco table appealing to male fairgoers, raffles with prizes such as a barrel of flour or a ton of coal at 25¢ a chance, musical entertainment, and food ranging from oysters and lobster salad to desserts. When the doors finally closed, the fair had raised more than $172,000. Not until 1910 was the debt on St. Patrick's Cathedral paid off. The long-delayed consecration, a five-hour ceremony conducted by Archbishop John Francis Farley and attended by a host of lay and ecclesiastical dignitaries including Papal Nuncio Cardinal Vannutelli, was held on October 5, 1910. Fifty thousand spectators crowded the streets around the cathedral to witness the blessing of the building.

Lines in front of Employment Agencies, date unknown (1930s).

Construction on the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line's 50th Street Station, outside the American Horse Exchange building, July 14, 1902. William K. Vanderbilt built the American Horse Exchange in 1881, creating a massive full-block hub for the city's elite to quite literally horse trade. An 1896 fire caused extensive damage to the structure, killing 60 horses. Vanderbilt restored the exchange and in 1910 leased it to the Shubert family, who converted the property into the Winter Garden Theatre, today known as the venue where "Cats" had its 18-year run.

Harvard Club Originally designed by McKim as a discreet Georgian building of a modest scale, it stands on a block where it once enjoyed as neighbors the Racquet Club, the Academy of Medicine, and the Berkeley School. Two wings were added behind it at a later date. Harvard Hall is probably one of the largest rooms in any club in New York, extending three stories in height, and in length the depth of a normal townhouse lot. The Florentine quality of the design, the two great fireplaces, and the tapestries all lend an air of subdued richness and warmth to this fine room.

24 East 54th Street was the original location of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum or the Museum of Non-Objective Painting as it was known at its founding. These townhouses were replaced by an automobile showroom, likely in the 1920s, and in 1939 Peggy Guggenheim hired William Muschenheim to design the gallery space. The museum showcased abstract paintings by American and European artists, such as Vasily Kandinsky and Rudolf Bauer. The museum remained here until it moved to a townhouse at 1017 Fifth Avenue in 1948.

St. Patrick's Cathedral ca. 1924 James Renwick Jr., son of Professor Renwick of Columbia College and himself as an architect, was probably one of the best-equipped architects in New York to undertake the stupendous task of designing a stone cathedral in Manhattan. The construction alone extended over a period of some twenty years, and the result was a fairly competent copy of a French Gothic cathedral, adapted to American needs.

Villard Houses, ca. 1980. The Villard houses, a six-building Italian Renaissance-style brownstone development completed in 1884, was designed by architect Joseph M. Wells, for Northern Pacific Railway president Henry Villard. However, Villard's stay in his residence at No. 451 Madison would be short lived: he soon declared bankruptcy and retreated to Westchester County. In 1943, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia presided over the re-opening of the building as the Women's Military Service Club, offering inexpensive lodging to visiting service members. Most of the complex was later acquired by the Archdiocese of New York. A timely Landmark designation in 1968 saved some buildings from substantial demolition as part of the construction of the Palace Hotel, completed in 1980.

Windsor Hotel, March 17, 1899. The Hotel, despite being what some considered to far uptown for success, was very popular and profitable. Alas the owner of the Windsor, John T. Daly owed a large mortgage and substantial constructions debts. When the family whose land the building was located on began foreclosing proceedings, the owner hanged himself. During the 1880s and 1890s the hotel became a popular location for political, financial, and diplomatic wheeling and dealing. On St. Patrick's Day, 1899, as thousands of revelers streamed by the hotel for the annual parade, a guest on a top floor lit a cigar and did not proper extinguish the match. It ignited a curtain and the cigar smoker exited the building without notifying anyone. The fire spread extremely fast and soon the entire building was engulfed. Despite their best effort to rescue patrons, the firefighters were pushed back by the heat and were forced to watch as people jumped from windows to escape the flames. Some firefighters arrived in their dress blues directly from the parade route. They attempted to keep the fire from spreading to nearby buildings by hosing them down, to some small success. The building was largely collapsed by 4:30pm, just an hour after the blaze started. The still burning ruins took days to cool down enough for a thorough search of the building. In the end more than 90 people were killed.

Residence of Mr. Blakely Hall, 1896. Blakely Hall was a reporter who wrote for the New York Sun. Of his most notable projects is his chronicling of Evander Berry Wall, the proclaimed "King of Dudes." Wall was an extravagant dresser who owned around 500 complete outfits that earned him the title of a "dude." In the late 19th century, "dude" referred to "a man extremely fastidious in dress and manner," similar to the word "dandy." Wall embraced this term and made it his mission to become the "King of Dudes." Hall awarded Wall the title of "King of Dudes" during the Blizzard of 1888 when he walked into a bar wearing thigh-high patent leather boots. From then on, Hall made it his weekly practice to publish articles concerning Wall's outings and adventures.

Roxy Theater ca. 1927 When Samuel L. "Roxy" Rothafel opened the Roxy Theater in 1927, it contained over 6,000 seats and was considered the largest theater of its kind in the world. Elaborate live performances were also part of the show: the orchestra pit seated 100 musicians and the ballet corps had up to 100 dancers, including the Gae Foster Roxyettes featured in this card. These high-stepping dancers were the forerunners of the Rockettes, the group "Roxy" took with him when he moved his show to Radio City Music Hall in 1932. The Roxy was razed in 1961.

Police Sergeant Jim Churchill was just a regular working cop at the turn of the century. After 20 years on the force, he was named an acting captain of a precinct in the Bowery in 1901. That position was short-lived as he was soon dismissed for "neglect of duty." Supposedly Churchill didn't work hard enough to close down illegal businesses in his neighborhood, including brothels and bars that served alcohol unlawfully on Sundays. In an ironic twist, after being fired for not closing more bars, Churchill opened his own! The bar and eatery at 1420 Broadway between 39th and 40th Street was a rousing success! He moved into a large space (seen here) at 46th Street and Broadway in 1906 where he could seat more than 350 patrons. After one more move to a brand new three-story terra cotta and brick building at 49th Street, Churchhill's grew to be world famous. Closed with the financial ruination of Prohibition, the final location of Churchill's became a Chinese restaurant before being demolished in 1937.

Lower East Side original character actor Sam "Shalom" Jaffe had an acting career that spanned decades, was studded with awards and was throughly unexpected. A City College college graduate who went on to study engineering at Columbia University, Jaffe was headed for industry when his artistic interests grabbed hold. As a child he appeared in Yiddish theatre, and as an adult, The Forward was gifted with his generous appearances on their behalf, such as at The Forward's WEVD radio station studio seen in the archival image above, where he is seen performing before ABC radio microphones.

The Brill Building, 1935. The Brill Building is a landmark structure that was developed in 1930-31 by Abraham E. Lefcourt. When Lefcourt first leased the land from the Brill Brothers, he planned to erect the world's tallest building on the site, which he would then name after his son, Alan. When Lefcourt failed to meet the terms of their agreement, the Brills foreclosed on the property and changed the name of the near-complete building from the Alan E. Lefcourt Building to the Brill Building. Since its construction, the Brill Building has been synonymous with American music. From the last days of Tin Pan Ally to the emergence of rock and roll, it has been home to a number of remarkable tenants in the music industry. Many big-name performers have leased office space in the building, including Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, and Nat King Cole. At its height in the '60s, more than 160 tenants were involved in the music industry, giving the Brill Building a genre of its own: "The Brill Building Sound."

Eleanor Roosevelt was a noted human rights activist, longest-serving first lady of the United States and friend to knish lovers everywhere!

Night Scene of R.C.A. Building from 9 Rockefeller Plaza, 1937.

The Gotham Hotel ARCHITECT: Hiss & Weekes DATE: 1902-05 STYLE: Neo-Italian Renaissance The imposing neo-Italian Renaissance Gotham Hotel (now the Peninsula Hotel) is one of the few structures on Fifth Avenue which recalls the golden age of luxury hotels and the prominent place they occupied in the formation of the city. Rising twenty stories, including a multi-storied rooftop addition, at the southwest corner of West 55th Street and Fifth Avenue, the boldly rendered Gotham is a stylistic counterpoint to its contemporary, the flamboyant Beaux-Arts St. Regis Hotel directly across Fifth Avenue.

Criterion Theatre, ca. 1925. The Criterion Theatre, originally known as the Lyric, opened in 1895 as part of Oscar Hammerstein's block-wide entertainment complex called the Olympia. In 1898, Hammerstein was forced by his creditors to sell the Olympia complex in which the components were sold separately. All were demolished, making way for the Criterion Theatre, retail stores, and the International Casino nightclub. B.S. Moss built the Criterion Theatre, though he leased the space to Loew’s for 20 years beginning in 1938. The Criterion Theatre later closed in the spring of 2000 and was renovated to become a massive Toys R Us store, which itself closed in December 2015.

Elizabeth Arden Building, 689-691 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1977. Formerly the Aeolian Building, now the Elizabeth Arden Building, 689 Fifth Avenue was constructed in 1925-27 by Warren & Wetmore for the Gould Realty Co. Designed by the same firm that built Grand Central Terminal, this 14-story French Renaissance structure was leased to the Aeolian Company, a top manufacturer of pianos and roll-operated instruments, until 1938. During that time, the company maintained a 150-seat recital hall on its second floor. Since Aelion's departure, 689 Fifth Avenue has served as the flagship location of Elizabeth Arden’s Red Door Salon. In 1970, the building set a retail leasing record when Gucci agreed to pay $100 per square foot for retail space in the corner store.

In 1911 this stately row of buildings included the original building of the Church of the Holy Rest. Established in 1865 by Civil War veterans, as a memorial to those who had died during the war, construction on the church building at 551 5th Avenue began in 1868 (when the neighborhood was very much residential). The structure was grand with a large rose window fronting 5th Avenue and a tall mansard roof with decorative metal work at the top. The church was very involved with the local community, opening up a soup kitchen for the poor as early as 1890. By the 1920s, commercial enterprise had taken over the neighborhood, and newer nearby churches competed for parishioners. In 1924, the pastor negotiated the purchase of land uptown across the street from the Carnegie Mansion (now the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum), and the Church of Heavenly Rest moved into a new building complete in 1929.

Goelet Building ARCHITECT: Victor L. S. Hafner; Edward Hall Faile DATE: 1930-32 STYLE: Art Deco The ten-story Goelet Building at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 49th Street, built in 1930-32, was designed by Victor L. S. Hafner in the Art Deco style but modified to exhibit the supporting skeletal frame devised by the engineering firm of E. H. Faile. The spare horizontality of the lower stories’ glazed curtain walls suggests that, stylistically, this building is a transitional monument between the Art Deco and the International style.

New York Yacht Club ca. 1970 A fanciful version of Beaux Arts architecture, the main facade introduces, between columns, a series of bay windows in the form of sixteenth-century galleon sterns. The pergola which once graced the third floor contributed a further air of lightness and gaiety to this club designed by Warren & Wetmore.

The massive scale of Rockefeller Center is adorned with countless art deco reliefs and sculptures which soften the harden corners and squared-off entryways of the building. This selection gives a brief overview of a few works of art perched on the exterior of this monumental complex.

In the early 1880s, as stone cutters were completing work on the William K. Vanderbilt mansion, the home's well-loved architect Richard Morris Hunt discovered that the artisans had created his likeness as a tribute. The statue of Hunt as a stone-cutter was installed on the roof over the entrance to the house. That home was demolished in 1926 and it is unknown if the statue was saved.

University Club of New York ca. 1915 Of all the buildings in New York which have been influenced by the Italian Renaissance, this club probably comes closest to resembling a sixteenth-century palazzo; yet despite this fact, the combination of details is quite original.

Public School 67 ARCHITECT: C. B. J. Snyder DATE: 1893-94 STYLE: Romanesque Revival The High School of the Performing Arts, formerly Public School 67, is a handsome Romanesque Revival style building originally built to serve a large residential community on the west side of Manhattan. The school is the first known to have been designed by C.B.J. Snyder, Superintendent of School Buildings to the Board of Education for thirty years.

Harvard Club of New York ARCHITECT: McKim Mead & White; Charles F. McKim DATE: 1893-94 The charm of this building lies in its red brick with limestone trim and in its intimate scale, the delicate refinement of its handsome detail, and the pleasing harmony of its well related architectural components. The front elevation consists of a handsome motif, where the main entrance doorway at street level is surmounted by a central round-headed window, flanked by two pairs of limestone Ionic columns which rest on the second-floor ledge and support the delicately refined third-floor cornice. Directly above this and centered between two windows is the handsomely carved shield of Harvard University.

Look Building ARCHITECT: Emery Roth & Sons DATE: 1948-50 STYLE: European Modernism The 21-story Look Building dates to 1948-50, when the minimalist aesthetics of European Modernism first began to transform the character of “setback” office buildings. That this handsome mid-20th-century modern structure combines tiers of ribbon-like windows with tightly-rounded corners and setbacks clad with a white brick to create a unique and memorable silhouette.

Saks Fifth Avenue is one of the grand flagship department stores that turned Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan into the city’s and the country’s premier shopping street.

Rockefeller Apartments, October 20, 1947. The Rockefeller Apartments, constructed between 1935 and 1937 in the International style, were commissioned by John D. Rockefeller, Fr. and Nelson Rockefeller. Designed by Wallace Harrison, who would go to collaborate further with the Rockefellers, the two buildings (the other is 24 West 55th Street) were created as a unit and were constructed with 15 percent more space given to light and air than was required by the building codes.

Hampton Shops Building ARCHITECT: Rouse & Goldstone DATE: 1915 STYLE: Neo-Gothic Designed in the neo-Gothic or Perpendicular Gothic style, it has an 11-story tripartite facade clad with grey terracotta resembling granite. This distinctive style was chosen because not only did it complement the St. Patrick’s Cathedral complex, which the building faces, but it also evoked the kinds of traditional-style furniture that Hampton Shops sold.

Windsor Hotel, ca. 1885. The Windsor Hotel, which occupied the entire blockfront on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 46th and 47th Streets, was hotel for a new kind of neighborhood. Construction on the seven-story hotel began in 1871, the same year the Grand Central Depot opened a few blocks away. The lots on Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and 50th Street (where St. Patrick's Cathedral would rise in 1878) were being transformed from simple wood-frame structures, open spaces, and natural features like ponds, into a neighborhood of wealthy residents. When the hotel opened in 1873, it catered to this affluent sect. It was referred to in a late 19th century book as “at that time, the most luxurious and aristocratic hostelry in New York.”

592 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1975. In 1964 the building as drastically altered. Additonal stories were added and the facade was reclad with a white marble broken up by uniform elongated, tinted oval windows. Architectural firm Hausman & Rosenberg created this sleek modern look. In early 2017 the building's owner and primary tenent, United Overseas Bank, unveiled plans for another reclading of this building, this time (unsurprisingly) in metal and glass.

As the city expanded and the relentless churning of commerce caused New York's population to explode, the city pushed northward. As the city itself moved northward, so did its elite. They settled along the undeveloped edge of the brand new Central Park, building enormous homes and mansions to celebrate their fabulous wealth. This walk takes you through a selection of the Fifth Avenue mansions that would have once dominated the Avenue.

New York Yacht Club Building ARCHITECT: Warren & Wetmore DATE: 1899-1900 STYLE: Neo-Grec The New York Yacht Club Building is a brilliant synthesis of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts’ tenets of character and composition. It was the first commission of the architectural firm of Warren & Wetmore and helped to establish their reputation. The building’s facade was influenced by the Ecole’s highly expressive neo-Grec movement which established the role of character as one of the school’s two primary design tenets. Among the facade’s notable characteristics are its carefully executed asymmetrical composition, its clear expression of the interior plan and its daring use of nautical symbols.

Hotel Langwell, 1922. Designed by George Keister in 1893, the first name of this hotel on 44th Street was the Hotel Gerard. Built in a Romanesque Revival style with touches of German Gothic and Renaissance details, it was opened as a short- and long-term residence for the wealthy visitors to the growing theatre district, political dignitaries, and foreign travelers. The high-peaked hotel stood tall over its largely low-rise neighborhood of the 1890s. It became the Hotel Langwell by 1920 and the once luxury building had deteriorated into what the New York Times called a "disorderly house," a polite phrase for something likely much more seedy. Foreclosed on, sold, and renamed a number of times between 1934 and the 1950s, by the 1970s it was a cheap welfare hotel. It fit in well among the other SROs and cheap thrills of hard-hit and economically depressed Times Square. It was during this time (1982) that the building was named an individual landmark. By the 1990s the neighborhood was beginning its renaissance. This 1893 building was finally emerged for its new beginning after a substantial renovation in 2007 and opened as the high-end residential hotel, AKA Times Square.

Aeolian Building ARCHITECT: Warren & Wetmore DATE: 1925-27 STYLE: Neo-Classical The Aeolian Building was constructed to the design of architects Warren & Wetmore, a firm best known for its designs for hotels and railroad-related buildings. Designed in a restrained and graceful neo-Classical style with French Renaissance style detailing, the Aeolian Building is clad in Indiana limestone with Italian marble spandrel panels, and buff-colored terracotta on the upper portion.

"Atlas" in front of the International Building at Rockefeller Center, ca. 1976. Lee Lawrie's seven-ton bronze statue depicting Atlas, the Titan of Greek mythology, was installed in 1937.

We stand alongside the Black community and all those speaking against systemic racism and violence with justice, hope, and truth. The fight for justice is one that we all need to play a role in, whatever form that might be. In our sphere of work, this means doing our part to help make archives more inclusive and equitable to communities that have historically been left out. As a start, this story is dedicated to honoring Black life and legacy in New York. Read on for stories of triumph in injustice.

This slick black tiled Art Moderne storefront housed Kayser Hosiery. From the curved windows to the tiered levels at the top of the storefront and the block typeface, it exudes the style of Streamlined Moderne. Founded in the 1880s producing simple cotton gloves, Kayser grew to manufacture and sell hosiery, lingerie, swimwear, and silk gloves. Their colorful advertisements featured beautiful illustrations of flappers and fashionable women through the decades.

592 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1912. Constructed in 1911 to the designs of famed firm Carrère and Hastings, 592 Fifth Avenue was originally a Beaux Arts style structure. It was built as the headquarters of the Black, Starr & Frost Company, a jewelry firm. Though the building survives today, it has a very different look today.

West 43rd Street facade of the New York City Bar Association, undated photo.

St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, 1923. The western blockfront of Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets, including private residences and the St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. W. Wheeler Smith’s magnificent Gothic Revival church was built in 1872 for the well-heeled uptown congregation of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, a denomination that had been active in New York since 1628. Smith’s design featured an out-of-scale 265-foot steeple, visible for miles around. The church attracted prominent members, including the Roosevelt family, who occupied pew no. 39. As Midtown development accelerated and skyscrapers encroached on the church and its valuable real estate, the congregation found themselves under increasing pressure to sell. The final service was held in July, 1949. The church was razed later that year, to be replaced by the Sinclair Oil building at 600 Fifth Avenue.

Lyceum Theatre, 1977. The Lyceum Theatre is one of Broadway's longest continuously-operating venues. The Beaux-Arts theater, designed by Herts & Tallant, opened in November 1902 with a performance of The Proud Prince. In Edmund Vincent Gillon's 1977 photo, the marquee advertises "Your Arms Too Short to Box with God," a musical interpretation of the Book of Matthew for which Delores Hall won a Best Actress Tony.

New York Hippodrome ca. 1910 Occupying an entire block on 6th Avenue, with a seating capacity of 5200, the Hippodrome (which opened in 1905) was outfitted on a grand scale. The stage was 200 feet wide and 100 feet deep (large enough for the jai-alai exhibition games played there). It had an 60-foot apron which could be filled with water for aquatic productions. Behind the scenes, hydraulic machines raised and lowered the stage, and an indoor stable housed horses and elephants for circus productions. Such spectacles were so expensive to produce that the theater failed financially and closed in the late 1930s.

Hotel Algonquin, ca. 1907. Completed in 1902, the Hotel Algonquin is perhaps better known for its guests than its building (though its Beaux Arts design with neo-Renasaiance details, created by Goldwin Starrett, is quite lovely). Originally conceived as a residential hotel (for all intents, an apartment building) called the "Puritan," the owners decided to offer short term stays instead. They were also convinced by the hotel's manager (later owner) Frank Case to change the name to the Algonquin. It was in the main dining room here, in the years after World War I, that a group of journalists, authors, publicists and actors began meeting daily for lunch. Referred to as the Algonquin Round Table or the Vicious Circle, the daily exchange of conversation and ideas included core members Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, and Robert E. Sherwood, all of whom wrote for Vanity Fair. Meeting daily for the better part of a decade, the salon inspired literary styles and up and coming writers, and resulted in the founding of The New Yorker magazine. Today the historic hotel remains open and it still the home of a hotel cat, a tradition started by manager-owner Frank Case. The current hotel cat is a Ragdoll named Hamlet, for former resident John Barrymore's greatest stage role.

Ritz-Carlton Hotel, ca. 1910. The first of what would eventually become a chain of hotels, the original Ritz-Carlton opened on Madison Avenue in 1911. Designed by Warren \&Wetmore, architects of the new Grand Central Terminal. The ambiance, service, and gathering spaces were considered some of the city's most spectacular. Other Ritz-Carlton Hotels opened all over the country and world (including Philadelphia, Atlantic City, Boston, Madrid, and Paris) over the next two decades. The hotel's dinning room was the first place that women were permitted to smoke in public and supposedly the French chef at the Ritz invented (or re-invented) Vichyssoise. In 1951 the hotel closed and was quickly razed, prompting a sad, nostalgic article in the New York Times that enumerated all of the famous old hotels that had also been lost.

William K. Vanderbilt Mansion ca. 1928 No single building better symbolized the Gilded Age than the home of William K. Vanderbilt, completed in 1883. While the rich had been flaunting their wealth in costumes and jewels, Vanderbilt displayed his dollars in limestone. And then other society men and women followed suit. When Vanderbilt's house went up, most of the city's elite lived in unassuming homes such as J.P. Morgan's. The Houses produced a streetscape so monotonous that it provoked "Edith Wharton's ire. She wrote of "little, low studded rectangular New York with its universal chocolate-colored coating of the most hideous stone ever quarried," and bemoaned the lack of "towers, porticoes, fountains or perspectives." Vanderbilt commissioned architect Richard Morris Hunt to create something that no doubt met Wharton's desire for something different. With Vanderbilt's wife, Alva, directing the project, Hunt produced a French Renaissance-style house that came to be known as the "petit chateau." It quickly commanded not only local but also national attention. In 1885, the country's 75 top architects named it the third best building in the United States, after the United States Capitol and Trinity Church. Within a few months of moving in, Alva hosted an extravagant costume ball that doubled as housewarming and social vindication. Mrs. Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, the doyenne of New York Society, had denied the Vanderbilt family invitations to her own affairs. This time, it was Alva who left Mrs. Astor off the list- but only after encouraging Astor's daughter to practice a dance for the party. In response, Astor paid her first house call to Mrs. Vanderbilt, which led to an invitation and social acceptance. Just seven months later, the Vanderbilt family would further solidify their place at the center of elite society with the opening of the Metropolitan Opera house, which William's father, William H. Vanderbilt, had helped to establish. The mansion went up for sale a few months after Vanderbilt's death in July 1920. It was demolished in 1926. The site has been occupied over the years by two successive office towers.

Beloved Academy Award winning German-Jewish actor Luise Rainer, arrived in America in 1935, as fascism continued to seduce Europe. In December 1940, a mere five years after arriving, having already won 2 Oscars two years in a row, and with America still sitting it out, and the war in Europe headlining the news, Rainer guest starred at The Forward's radio station WEVD, "Salute To America" program highlighting American democracy.

Time and Life Building, undated postcard. Opened in the spring of 1937, 9 Rockefeller Plaza (now called 1 Rockefeller Plaza) is a 36-story skyscraper. Completed in 114 work days, a month ahead of schedule, it was the eleventh building in the Rockefeller Center complex. The Art Deco office building was designed by Rockefeller Center's associated architects, led by L. Andrew Reinhard and Wallace Harrison. Early tenants of the building included the Girl Scouts, a number of advertising agencies and publishing houses, and the Museum of Modern Art (who stayed until their new building was completed 1939). The largest tenant, who moved in a year after the building opened, was Time, Inc, the publisher of Time Magazine, Life, and Architectural Forum, among others. This tenant gave the building its name; it was the original Time-Life Building (today the 1957-completed building at 1271 Sixth Avenue is the Time-Life Building).

My Archive Summer 2019 "My parents were divorced, and my dad used to take me to a fancy lunch on Sundays and then we would walk along Fifth Avenue, or sometimes go ice skating or to the zoo. So it's a photo of me (Jennifer Place) taken by my father (Willard Fiske Place)." —Jennifer Place

Seventh Avenue at the north west corner of 47th Street, ca. 1915. This is a quintessential Times Square photograph from the early 20th century. Originally Long Acre Square, the center of the city's horse carriage industry in the late 19th century, the area would have its name changed in 1904. Times Square was christened that after the New York Times newspaper constructed their headquarters on 42nd Street. In the next two decades, the introduction of the subway and the construction of hotels and theatres prompted a massive boom of the area into a busy cultural center. The billboards depicted here advertise nearby attractions including the Shubert and Winter Garden Theatres, as well as take advantage of the well traveled intersection to advertise products such as beer and automobiles.

Winter Garden Theatre, May 3, 1930. The building at 1634 Broadway was constructed in 1896 for William Kissam Vanderbilt's American Horse Exchange. In 1911 the building was leased by the Shubert family for a theatrical venue. They hired architect William Albert Swasey to redesign the theatre. The fourth New York theatre to be named 'Winter Garden," the venue opened March 10, 1911 with a production of the musical revue "La Belle Paree." In 1922 the building was completely remodeled by famed theatre architect Henry J. Krapp.The rebuilt stage is wider than most other Broadway theatres, with a a low proscenium arch. The Shuberts purchased the name and format of the Ziegfeld Follies after the death of Florenz Ziegfeld in 1932. The Winter Garden hosted the Follies in 1934 and 1936. The Winter Garden, though, is best known as the venue that hosted the 18-year run of the musical "Cats." The show premiered on October 7, 1982 and ran 7,485 performances. (Currently it is the fourth longest Broadway run, only exceeded by "Phantom of the Opera," 'Chicago," and "The Lion King.")

653 Fifth Avenue ca. The story of 653 Fifth Avenue begins like the story of many of the mansions on Fifth Avenue: with a family dynasty. Morton Plant was the son of a fabulously wealthy railroad magnate Henry Plant. By all accounts, Henry and Morton's relationship was strained and upon his death, Henry attempted to leave his massive fortune to his grandchild. However, Morton was not one to stand idly by and he challenged the will successfully. The money having been secured, Morton began to live the life of a robber baron. Nor was Morton profligate, a successful businessman himself, he built on the advantages given to him by his father. Befitting his newfound status, Plant purchased the land at 653 Fifth Avenue from William Vanderbilt and commissioned the architect Robert W. Gibson to build him a home. Gibson, who had previously designed cathedrals and churches, built the sumptuous six-story mansion with a pillared entrance on 52nd Street. However, while it completed in 1905, the neighborhood around the home was changing. Real estate developers and tradesmen were moving in, and the heirs and robber barons that occupied the area were losing the struggle to preserve the neighborhood. With the Waldorf, St. Regis, Plaza and other hotels opening, the area was getting busier and busier. However, Morton withstood the changing area and his marriage would bring Maisie Plant into the home in 1914. It was Maisie that would give Morton a reason to leave. One day, Maisie was shopping at Cartier's flagship on Fifth Avenue when she spotted a beautiful set of pearls. The double-string set was valued at a million dollars and presented an interesting and unique opportunity. Pierre Cartier had been looking for a showroom that would properly enhance the brand's prestige and Morton was looking to get out of the neighborhood where he built his mansion. A deal was struck: the mansion was traded for 100$ and a string of pearls. Cartier assumed ownership of the mansion and Plant was free to move uptown. Cartier agreed to leave the exterior almost entirely untouched (and until it's 2000 renovation made very few alterations to the interior as well.) Morton Plant's body might not have agreed to the deal however, he died the next year, leaving Maisie single and wealthy. Cartier has preserved and used the mansion ever since as their primary US showroom.

Saint Thomas Church and Parish House ARCHITECT: Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson DATE: 1906-13 STYLE: Church The elevations are replete with ornament. The buttresses of the square tower, as well as those on the 53rd Street side, are simple and serve as beautiful foils for the elaboration of the main entrance and rose window above it. In beauty, detail and construction, this church is a masterpiece. The Parish House (formerly the Rectory) nestles alongside the Church on 53rd Street to the west of the chapel, and the integration of these elements is a superb accomplishment.

The Forward’s fav opera and recording star Richard Riven Tucker was much beloved by Metroplitan Opera fans as well as Forward readers, including as a one time deli sandwich! Yes, to celebrate the centennial of his birth, he was given that special NYC honor of being a deli sandwich, and having then NYC Mayor Bloomberg honor his birthday, August 28, as “Richard Tucker Day”.

Saks Fifth Avenue ARCHITECT: Starrett & Van Vleck DATE: 1922-24 STYLE: Neo-Renaissance Saks Fifth Avenue is one of the grand flagship department stores that turned Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan into the city’s and the country’s premier shopping street. Designed by department store specialists Starrett & Van Vleck and built in 1922-24, Saks had to conform both to the conservative impulse to harmonize with the architectural character of Fifth Avenue, as promulgated by the Fifth Avenue Association, and to the modern requirements of an up-to-the-minute luxury department store, as well as to the new zoning law of New York which mandated upper floors to be progressively set back from the lot-line. The resulting design was a handsome, but restrained and dignified neo-Renaissance style retail palazzo, with its administrative offices occupying the less visible setback stories above the seventh floor.

Early 20th-century censors, excited about “controversial” subjects being explored in New York’s theaters, focused mainly on sexuality – in particular, homosexuality and interracial relationships. In 1927, the New York Legislature passed the Wales Padlock Law, which made it illegal “depicting or dealing with, the subject of sex degeneracy, or sex perversion,” and offending theaters could be closed. (Similarly, Hollywood movies were subjected to the infamous Motion Picture Production (Hays) Code of 1930.) Although the New York law was not often enforced, and was protested by the theater community, it had a huge and censorious effect on the Broadway stage. Despite the law, which remained on the books until 1967, lesbian and gay characters did manage to make it to Broadway, often in the works of lesbian and gay playwrights. The last Broadway show impacted by the Wales law was Dorothy and Howard Baker’s lesbian drama Trio (1944-45) at the Belasco, which was shut down by the LaGuardia administration two months after opening, but engendered a protest over censorship from theater folks, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the press, and politicians. Two later plays of note at the Belasco were Lorraine Hansberry‘s A Raisin in the Sun (1959-60; 530 performances) that starred Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, and Diana Sands and had first opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, and Frank Marcus’s The Killing of Sister George (1966-67; 205 performances).

LOOK Building, October 26, 1951. Completed in 1950, the Look Building set a new standard for minimalist Modern office buildings. Needing to comply with zoning codes regarding setbacks, the 21-story structure renders those setback through uniform rows of windows and white brick, with tightly-curved corners. Its massing and setbacks give it a wedding-cake-like silhouette similar to a number of other Modern buildings in the city, namely the Starrett Lehigh Building. Designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons (by then led by the sons, as Roth died in 1948), the project was developed by Uris Brothers (also a second generation firm). According to the LPC Designation Report, "built on speculation, the Look Building needed to be fashionable, practical, and profitable." And the project was just that. Early tenants included the firm that designed it, famed industrial designer Raymond Loewry, and a number of publishers and magazines, including the eponymous publication, Look (much to the chagrin of fellow tenant Esquire). Today the building's tenants include the Municipal Arts Society.

Belasco's Stuyvesant Theatre ARCHITECT: George Keister DATE: 1906-07 STYLE: Neo-Georgian This theater was designed as Belasco’s ideal theater by George Keister, an important theater architect, in an elegant neo-Georgian style reminiscent of townhouse architecture and specifically intended to suggest the intimate drama presented by Belasco within. As such it represents an early monument in the development of the “Little Theater” movement in New York.

Women's League for Political Education, 1899. Though this photograph does not specifically detail the location of the gathering, it is likely the League's headquarters in the Berkeley Lyceum on 44th Street. The League, originally established as a pro-women's suffrage group, created a meeting place where people of all walks of life could be educated on important issues of the day. They held classes, meetings, and lectures. They also founded a number of affiliate groups including The Civic Forum, an assembly designed to foster higher standards of civic responsibility and international goodwill and the Economic Club of New York, a non-partisan organization that encouraged dialogue on economic, social, and industrial problems. The League, which was opened to both genders around 1905, moved into a larger space in 1921 in the building today known as Town Hall, where they continued this work. A new project started in 1935 was 'America’s Town Meeting of the Air' a public affairs discussion radio show, recorded at Town Hall for more than 20 years. In 1938 the League changed its name to The Town Hall, Inc.

St. Regis Hotel ca. 1907 John Jacob Astor conceived of the St. Regis Hotel as a companion to the original Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. While the Waldorf-Astoria was successful, its neighborhood was waning in social value. Astor decided that he was going to build a hotel that would match the best of Europe in elegance and luxury. Buying land on East 55th Street and Fifth Avenue, Astor intended the St. Regis to be sited in the most elegant part of town. Astor hired the architecture firm Trowbridge and Livingston. The architects designed a Beaux-Arts 18 story hotel that would be one of the first of New York's skyscraper tower hotels. However, it was met with controversy from the moment construction began in 1901. The land Astor had bought was in the midst of rows of mansions owned by the Vanderbilts and other wealthy New Yorkers. The St. Regis would tower over their homes and make their chic neighborhood into a new hub. The St. Regis' neighbors used their influence to delay as much as possible. First, the Board of Buildings discovered that the hotel wasn't fireproofed properly, which put a halt to construction. Next, the neighbors sued due to the blasting necessary for the hotel's foundations, however, the courts ruled against them. Finally, the neighbors found that the St. Regis violated a New York liquor statute due to its proximity to St. Thomas. The statute made it illegal to obtain a liquor license if you were within 200 feet of a church. The St. Regis was able to prevail in court by maintaining that their front entrance was far away enough not to violate the statue. The St. Regis was completed and opened on September 4th, 1904. Some estimates claim it cost a (staggering for the time) 5.5 million dollars. The rooms were fully modern with everything from telephones to heat to electric lighting. However, the fight was still not over. The liquor law also demanded the St. Regis needed permission from two-thirds of their neighbors in order to approve the liquor license. In 1904, William Rockefeller quickly bought a neighboring mansion in order to use it to revoke the St. Regis's license. However, J.J. Astor immediately bought another to support it. Stories in the newspaper were placed to smear the hotel's reputation, but high profile visits from the Roosevelts and the Japanese Imperial family helped bolster it. Finally, friends of J.J. Astor's in the New York Senate pushed through an amendment to the liquor law that exempted hotels with more than 200 rooms. The new law left the St. Regis and J.J Astor victorious. However, Astor was not to enjoy the St. Regis's success for long, dying in 1912 aboard the Titanic. His son Vincent would sell the St. Regis to the Duke's Durham Realty company, who expanded it by adding another wing. However, during the great depression, Vincent bought it back for a song and invested money into bringing it back to its former glory (including installing the Old King Cole Mural from the Knickerbocker Hotel.) Since then it has been restored and remodeled a number of times. In 1988, it was closed for three years as Sheraton did a full restoration. Similarly, Starwood would renovate the hotel again in 2014.

When the Vanderbilts, Astors, and Rockefellers moved uptown, the hotels quickly followed. The gravitational shift of New York's social scene meant that prestigious hotels like the Waldorf-Astoria were no longer in the thick of it. However, developers are never too far behind a trend and soon some of the world's most luxurious hotels sprouted next to the mansions of Fifth Avenue.

562 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1919. This corner building at no. 562 was an Italianate brownstone constructed sometime prior to 1846 when it came into the possession of the Harper family. Various members of the family, who owned the publishing house Harper & Brothers, lived in the residence over the next six decades. The lovely curved mansard roof was added during renovations in the late 1870s, giving the building a slight French Second Empire look. In 1909 Joseph Harper's widow leased her home to florist Charles Thorley for $27,000 a year (nearly $700,000 in today's market). Thorley, who was 16 years old when he opened his first flower shop downtown in 1874, had become the go-to florist for both New York's high society AND lovesick young men looking to dazzle their sweethearts. After occupying a series of shops, Thorley's business took up residence here at no. 562. And he transformed the building into a 'House of Flowers.' During his first few years here Thorley undertook a series of "greening" renovations: painting the building white with green trim, placing vines and shrubs all along the facade, installing window boxes with overflowing vegetation. This Midtown jungle was a sight to be seen. From this shop Thorley decorated the mansions of NYC's elite for weddings, funerals, and other fancy occasions. His business could not have been more successful; in 1912, during the Easter season only, he sold more than $45,000 in flowers. In 1915 Mrs. Harper passed away and the building—by then largely known as the Thorley Building— was sold. With the new owners raising the already exorbitant rent, Thorley choose to move on in 1920. Charles Thorley died in 1923 but his assistant Rose Fallon took over the business which prospered in various midtown locations (including lastly the Carlyle Hotel) until the mid 1960s. The corner mansion turned flower shop was demolished in the early 1920s, and replaced with a 12-story commercial building. That building, known as the I. Miller Building (for the shoe company that built it), was purchased in 2015 and soon after demolished (along with its neighbors to the north) for an as-yet unknown new development.

Palace Theatre, 1913. The Palace Theatre was a venture originally undertaken by a team of non-New Yorkers. The 1913 building was designed by Milwaukee architects Kirchoff & Rose (their only NYC commission) and was funded by Marvin Beck, a vaudeville entrepreneur from San Fransisco. Beck's plan to open a venue in direct competition with the east coast vaudeville empire of Keith–Albee was derailed when Albee required that Beck transfer three-quarters ownership to the company to be able to host acts from the east coast circuit. Beck agreed and became the Palace Theatre's booking agent. The Palace became the premier vaudeville venue in New York. In 1932 the theatre became a RKO movie house, with a return to live stage shows (in addition to movies) from 1936 to 1957. Citizen Kane had its world premiere at the Palace in 1941. A tall hotel building was constructed over the theatre in the 1980s and today the facade is completely obstructed by advertisements.

Carl Van Vechten (1880-1964) was an extremely influential critic, novelist, photographer, and cultural arbiter, especially noted for his advocacy of African-American art and culture. Although married, Van Vechten had many long-term gay relationships and his sexuality was an open secret during his life. In May 1924 Van Vechten moved from a small apartment at 151 East 19th Street (the so-called Block Beautiful, between Irving Place and Third Avenue) into a large and elegant apartment on the seventh floor of the newly-completed building at 150 West 55th Street. “Harlem was sexually attractive to him mainly because it was a point of fusion among his homosexuality, his fascination with blackness, and his natural voyeurism.” Edward White, biographer Van Vechten was instrumental in introducing the artists of the Harlem Renaissance to white society. This is especially evident in the homoerotic photographs that he took of African-American men. He was also famed for his portrait photography, including images of many lesbian and gay writers, actors, and celebrities. Van Vechten was known for his parties, as they were among the few venues where black and white New Yorkers freely intermingled on an equal basis. Notable gay and lesbian attendees included Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Ethel Waters, Somerset Maugham, Salvador Dalí, and Bessie Smith.

Berkeley Lyceum Theatre, drawing from 1935. This now demolished theatre building was constructed in 1887-1888 as a gym for the nearby Berkeley School. The headmaster of the private school also established a men's athletic club in the building to assist in the financial costs of the building's maintenance. In the mid 1890s the building also began hosting theatrical performances. It was the original New York home of Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts. At the same time that the building became home to a proper theatre it also became headquarters for a new progressive organization. The Women's League for Political Education, was established in 1894 by a group of prominent suffragists following the defeat of the women's suffrage amendment to the New York State constitution. The organization's mission was to provided education on social and political issues. Originally a female only organization, the League for Political Education became co-ed sometime in the early years of the 20th century. In 1914 the League purchased a lot on 49th Street for a new building, which would provide a larger space for classes and lectures. The new building, originally called the Societies' Building (now known as Town Hall), opened in 1921 and was designed with the democratic principles of the League in mind. No box seats were included in the design and every effort was made to allow an unobstructed view for every seat in the house. The Berkeley Lyceum was torn down in 1916.

Residence of Charles R. Lohman Ann Lohman, also known as Madame Restell, provided contraceptives and abortions to women looking to prevent or terminate unwanted pregnancies—a practice that remained exceptionally lucrative even as antebellum abortion laws hardened. By the 1870s, Restell’s services made her one of the richest women in New York City; her profits funded the construction of her lavish mansion, pictured here, on the corner of the Fifth Avenue and 52nd Street. Image Info: Hatch & Co. Publishers, 1875 CREDIT: Museum of the City of New York, Gift of J. Clarence Davies, 29.100.2111

Goelet Building, 1935. Considered a transitional moment between the Art Deco and International styles, the 10-story Goelet Building was completed in 1932. Originally created in the Deco style by architect Victor L. S. Hafner, the engineering firm of E. H. Faile modified the design of the upper floors to visibly incorporate the supporting skeletal framing in the facade.The glazed deep green marble curtain wall of lower floors render in a simple horizontal arrangement hearken to the modern International style. The building replaced the 1882 mansion belonging to the Goelet family. Designed to compliment the nearby buildings of Rockefeller Center, this structure had ground floor retail and office spaces on the upper floors. Since 1964 the building has been called the Swiss Center, for the group of Swiss business, working in commercial, cultural, travel and financial activities, who began leasing it then.

My Archive Spring 2019 "Rockefeller Center. The subject in the excellent sweatshirt outfit is yours truly, supported by my mom." —Isabel Sen

605 Fifth Avenue, 1925. Designed in 1924 by architect William Van Alen (of later Chrysler Building fame), this midblock building was forecast by the New York Times to be “one of the finest buildings along Fifth Avenue in this section.” The asymmetrical structure had six full stories of curved windows on one corner. The architect took advantage of the setback of the neighboring church to showcase this innovative feature. Completed in 1925 for the Child's restaurant chain, the resulting edifice of gleaming white limestone and expansive plate glass was called a veritable jewel-box” by a contemporary design magazine. It was said to have been the first building in the U.S. without corner columns. The unique vantage point by which passersby could look right through the curved corner of the building was lost in 1952 with the demolition of the church and the construction of 600 Fifth Avenue, a 26-story office building. Since 1997 the building has been home to TGI Friday's. For many years the facade was painted a bright blue with contrasting red and white awnings. In the last few years, the facade has gone back to white, but a four-story advertisement covers the upper floors (and curved windows).

25 West 45th Street, 1913. This limestone office building was designed by the firm of Wallis & Goodwillie and completed in 1913. In early 1925 this building became the home of the brand new magazine called the New Yorker. The publication of "gaiety, wit, satire, fiction, social commentary, and criticism" remained here for the next decade before moving to 43rd Street in 1935.

Three examples of very dense high-rise housing developments suggest how the private market might have rebuilt parts of Manhattan for the middle class if the real estate boom of the late 1920s had not ended in the Great Depression. Two were created by the visionary developer Fred French: Tudor City (1927), a 14.5-acre enclave of a dozen towers on E. 42nd Street, and Knickerbocker Village (1934) on the Lower East side, which replaced some of the district’s oldest tenements with modern, but extremely dense, multifamily housing. The other, London Terrace (1930), packed 1,665 units into an avenue-long apartment block in Chelsea. The density of these middle-class developments averaged 463, 800, and 931 persons per acre, respectively. This story is adapted from an exhibition at the Skycraper Museum. The original version can be seen here.

Rivoli Theatre, 1918. Designed by renowned theatre architect, Thomas Lamb, the Greek Revival theatre opened to the public on December 28, 1917. The very first movie screened was the Douglas Fairbanks film "A Modern Musketeer," which was presented with a "live" program featuring musical soloists, the organ, and house orchestra. The Rivoli was built as the sister theatre to the Rialto (at Broadway and 42nd Street). The auditorium could accommodate 2270 patrons and was noted for its acoustics. The house orchestra was 50 pieces and conducted by Dr. Hugo Riesenfeld. The design of the stage was specific for the movie screen (in the large center proscenium) and two side for the orchestra and soloists. A stage for live theatrical productions was only constructed in 1926. Comic book writer, editor, publisher Stan Lee was an usher at the Rivoli in his youth. In the 1950s the theatre was converted to a 70mm Todd-AO setup with a deeply curved screen. The theatre was demolished in 1987.

In the 1940 movie "Young People," Shirley Temple sang and danced to the lighthearted ditty, "Fifth Avenue." Let's use the lyrics to guide us through the history of the grandest thoroughfare in New York City.

Silent Parade, July 28, 1917. Following a series of lynchings in Waco, Texas and Memphis, Tennessee in late 1916 and early 1917 and the vicious mob violence that killed 39 black men during a riot in St. Louis (though the actual number of dead and injured was likely much higher), the NAACP organized a demonstration. Called the 'Silent Parade,' more than 10,000 African-Americans marched slowly and silently down Fifth Avenue on Saturday, July 28, 1917. The women and children wore white. The NAACP sends out a notice for the event that included phases they hoped attendees might carry as signs. These included... Make America Safe for Democracy. The first blood for American Independence was shed by a Negro—Crispus Attucks. America has lynched without trial 2,876 Negroes in 31 years and not a murderer has suffered. Racial prejudice is the offspring of ignorance and the mother of lynching. The great contradiction— love of God and hatred of man.

Saks Fifth Avenue, ca. 1953. Designed by architects Ernest Alan Van Vleck and Goldwin Starrett, the Saks Fifth Avenue building was the first major department store in NYC to be designated a landmark. When Saks opened in the building 1924, an article in The New York Times said the store was ''the most modern and up-to- date building of its kind in the world,'' and that it marked ''the opening of a new shopping centre on upper Fifth Avenue.'' Saks Fifth Avenue was also one of the first flagship stores to conduct unveiling events for window displays. Using hydraulic lifts, the festive decorations were constructed in a sub-basement out of public view. Once ready, the displays were raised to street-level overnight for a dramatic unveiling.

Saint Thomas' Church ca. 1975 Despite its asymmetrical composition, with only one tower, this church is such a beautiful example of French Gothic architecture that we are hardly aware of the lack of a second tower. The plan is ingeniously arranged and has functioned successfully for the congregation and for some of the most fashionable weddings in New York.

Hotel Gerard ARCHITECT: George Keister DATE: 1893-94 STYLE: Romanesque Revival, German Gothic, Renaissance The Gerard is an exceptionally fine example of an apartment hotel, a very popular building type in the late 19th century. It was designed by architect George Keister in an unusual style that combines late Romanesque Revival and German Gothic and Renaissance forms to create a handsome and sophisticated work. This design reflects Keister’s architectural philosophy. It was in the vanguard of the development of the Times Square area as the center of New York City’s entertainment district and its construction is integrally related to that of the theater district. It is one of the more architecturally distinguished and visually prominent buildings in the west Midtown section of the city.

The Warwick, date unknown. Designed by Emery Roth in association with George B. Post & Sons, this 36-story Renaissance Revival building was financed by publisher William Randolph Hearst. One of the original tenants of the residential tower was Hearst's mistress Marion Davies. (It is said he commissioned the building specifically for her.) Today the Warwick remains a luxury hotel.

Cort Theatre ARCHITECT: Thomas W. Lamb DATE: 1912-13 STYLE: French The Cort Theater represents a special aspect of the nation’s theatrical history. Beyond its historical importance, it is an exceptionally handsome theater, with a facade modeled on the Petit Trianon in Versailles. Its triple-story, marble-faced Corinthian colonnade is very unusual among the Broadway theaters. Thomas Lamb was New York’s most prolific theater architect, but the Cort is one of only two legitimate stage theaters of his design surviving in the Broadway area. The design of this theatre is based on the French architecture at Versailles, and the interior’s significant architectural features include plaster cameos, a mural, and a unique proscenium arch of plasterwork and art glass. For over three-quarters of a century, the Cort Theater has served as home to countless numbers of the plays through which the Broadway theater has come to personify American theater.

Adelphi Theatre, March 30, 1937. Opened as the Craig Theatre opened on December 24, 1928, the venue on 54th underwent more name changes that most theatres (which is saying something since most changed names at least twice in their histories). The venue's longest running name was the Adelphi Theatre (1934–1940 and 1944–1958). In 1947 the theatre premiered the American opera "Street Scene" with music by Kurt Weill ("The Threepenny Opera") and book by Langston Hughes. In the 1950s the venue was used as a TV studio, episodes of the 'Honeymooners' were filmed there. It returned to live theatre in 1957, changed names a few more times and closed, finally, in the late 1960s. The building was razed in 1970 and eventually replaced by the office tower at 1325 Avenue of the Americas.

Father Francis Patrick Duffy statue, 1937. Father Duffy was a military chaplain and priest who served the local Times Square community as pastor of the Holy Cross Church, located at 237 West 42nd Street. A French Canadian, Duffy arrived in New York in 1893 to be a teacher. In the 1890s he was ordained a priest and spent the next 20 years serving as a seminary instructor in Yonkers and a military chaplain during the Spanish-American and First World Wars. He returned to the city after WWI and became pastor to the Time Square church. He served the community until his death in 1932. In 1940 he was a character in the movie "The Fighting 69th," based on the story of the New York Infantry Regiment during the First World War. The sculpture, which sits in Father Duffy Square, right in the middle of Times Square, was created by Charles Keck, who also created sculptures for the Brooklyn War Memorial. The more than life size figure stands in front of a Celtic cross and was unveiled on May 7, 1937. Photographer Berenice Abbott happened to capture the statue just prior to its debut.

Algonquin Hotel ARCHITECT: Goldwin Starrett DATE: 1902 The Algonquin Hotel, which opened its doors in 1902, has played host to generations of famous men and women from the literary and theatrical worlds. Most often associated with the legendary Round Table, the group of critics and humorists who convened almost daily in the 1920s for luncheons spiced with quotable conversation am repartee, the hotel has also been frequented by countless others in the acting and writing professions. The particular cultural character of the Algonquin was nurtured by its devoted and congenial proprietor, Frank Case. “I was determined to get the Arts, especially the Theater,” Case later reminisced, and beginning with such illustrious guests as John and Ethel Barrymore, Douglas Fairbanks, Booth Tarkington and Sinclair Lewis, he proceeded to become ‘boniface’ to not only the stars, but to aspiring young artists as well.

Villard Houses ca. 1980 This great complex of town houses surrounding a central court yard was designed by Joseph M. Wells for McKim, Mead, & White in the manner of an early sixteenth-century Italian palazzo. By far the most beautiful feature of this block of residences is the interior decoration of Henry Villard's own house on the south side of the courtyard.