400 Madison Avenue ARCHITECT: H. Craig Severance, Inc. DATE: 1928-29 STYLE: Neo-Gothic With its dramatic massing, intricate neo-Gothic detailing, and bright, expansive terra-cotta facade commanding a full Madison Avenue blockfront, the 400 Madison Avenue Building is one of East Midtown’s most striking prewar skyscrapers. Designed by H. Craig Severance and constructed by the George A. Fuller Company, one of the nation’s most experienced skyscraper builders, it was completed in 1929 as the area surrounding Grand Central Terminal was experiencing a boom in skyscraper construction and transformation into one of the country’s leading financial centers.

As the population of New York City swelled in the 19th century, the city's reservoirs were built to supply a growing population with a safe and reliable water supply.

For six months in 1936, this “House of the Modern Age” — a prefabricated, modernist, all-steel, one-family home — stood on a Park Avenue “million-dollar lot.” The house, advertised as “fireproof, cyclone-proof, termite- and lightning-proof,” was designed by Chrysler Building architect William Van Alen and assembled by National Houses, Inc., at a cost of $10,000. One of many experimental houses built during the Depression, it attracted 110,000 visitors who paid ten cents a tour. Abbott photographed the house the day before it was torn down, showing it surrounded by relics of Victorian Murray Hill, including the Murray Hill Hotel, which in turn were encircled by new skyscrapers. Today the “million-dollar lot” is occupied by an office building.."

Built in 1900 by Oscar Hammerstein I, the Republic was taken over in 1902 by David Belasco. The theater reverted to its original name around 1910 and continued as a legitimate house until 1932 when it became home to Billy Minsky's burlesque shows. After Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia banned burlesque in 1942, the Republic was converted into a movie theater, the Victory, and fell into decline. In 1995 the beautifully restored New Victory opened again as a theater.

Astor Theatre, ca. 1905. Opened on September 21, 1906 with a production of “A Midsummer Nights Dream,” the Astor Theatre was considered a premier Broadway venue during the early 20th century. The corner building was striking, rendered in a mix of Neo-Classical and Second Empire styles and topped by a bronze-domed tower. Live performances continued until 1925 when the theatre was converted to a movie house. In 1955 the movie "East of Eden," starring James Dean premiered here. The ornate structure underwent a radical modernization in 1959, which created a plain boxy facade and gutted the interior of its gilded proscenium arch and boxes. In 1972 the movie house closed. Despite a valiant effort by preservationists to save the building and its adjacent theatres (the Victoria Theatre, the Helen Hayes Theatre, the Bijou Theatre and Morosco Theatre), the whole block was demolished in 1982 for the Marriott Marquis New York Hotel. That hotel did include a Broadway theatre in its design.

New York Times Building ca. 1912 The New York Times Tower opened with a fireworks display in Times Square on New Year's Eve, 1904. Designed by the architect Cyrus Eidlitz and his partner Andrew McKenzie, the Tower redefined the landscape of the newspaper industry and the city itself. Built at the direction of the paper's owner and publisher Adolph Ochs, who had purchased the ailing New York Times in 1896, the new building was part of his larger plan to reinvigorate the newspaper. Ochs wanted a building to "wake up the nation" and to call attention to the paper's resurgence under his leadership. Ochs began his investigations of real estate in 1902, and the first sites he considered were close to City Hall and Newspaper Row. But rising real estate prices pushed Ochs uptown. The final site was a wedge of land at Broadway and 42nd Street in an area known as Longacre Square, a neighborhood of cheap theaters and hotels on the brink of a major transformation. A key advantage of the site was the potential to connect directly to the new Broadway IRT subway that was to open in 1904. The new Times Building was the first in the city to have a subway station in its basement. This was more than mere novelty: it gave the Times the advantage of speed. With the printing presses located in the basement and with access directly to the trains, the Times could distribute papers underground to distant points far more quickly and efficiently than its competitors. Eidlitz & McKenzie worked with the small site to create an iconic wedge-shaped building. The base rose fifteen stories and a tower at the south end added ten floors, with a private observation lounge on its roof for Ochs. While Eidlitz initially designed a mansard roof, at Ochs's request he redesigned the tower based on Giotto's campanile at the Florence Cathedral, which he had much admired during his European travels. The building's façade and ornament used glazed terra cotta with robust Renaissance and Gothic details.

In honor of #nyfw (New York Fashion Week), we present the city's hottest #ootd's (outfit of the day) from our partner's collections. New York has hosted NYFW, first known as "Press Week," since 1943. It was created to pivot the spotlight from Paris fashion designers and showcase New York's homegrown talent.

Times Square, ca. 1977.

Bush Terminal Building ca. 1938 Erected in 1917 by Irving T. Bush, the businessman who created the massive Bush Terminal warehouse and factory complex in Brooklyn, the Bush Terminal Sales Building at 130 W. 42nd St. was one of the last of the tall towers to rise without the setbacks the 1916 zoning law required. Its architect Harvey Wiley Corbett was a leading advocate of the setback form, but he was happy to oblige his client with a slender tower of stacked showroom floors that imitated a Gothic spire.

New York City has long been considered the leading American center for arts and culture. The arts, especially theater, constitute one of New York’s primary economic forces. Throughout the 20th century, the LGBT community has had a significant and disproportionate impact on the Broadway stage, even as the New York Legislature-enacted Wales Padlock Law (1927-1967) made it illegal for theaters to show plays that featured gay and lesbian characters (though some productions managed to get around this restriction). This curated collection spotlights the Broadway Theater District and its associations with major LGBT performers and creators.

Hotel Knickerbocker, 1913. Not to be outdone by his cousin and occasional real estate rival William Waldorf, who had funded the Hotel Astor, John Jacob Astor IV built the Hotel Knickerbocker just a few blocks away. The Knickerbocker, like the Astor, was a Beaux-Arts building. Designed by Marvin & Davis, the 1906 hotel had a prominent mansard roof and light colored terra cotta decoration on its red brick facade. The hotel had 556 rooms, a 2000 seat theatre, and a Maxfield Parrish mural "Old King Cole" in its bars. (That mural has been installed in the St. Regis Hotel bar since 1935.) Supposedly the martini was invented in the bar at the Knickerbocker, though evidence proves otherwise. Astor would die in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912 and the hotel was closed and converted into offices in 1920 under financial strain by Astor's son. In the next nearly 100 years the building functioned as offices, residences, showrooms and studios for garment companies, and finally as of 2015, a hotel once again.

124-126 West 43rd Street, formerly Henry Miller's Theatre, ca. 1919.

Ogden Goelet Mansion (at right), ca. 1915. The Goelet family arrived in New York in the 17th century and began their real estate acquisitions early on. Ogden Goelet, made rich by the inherited wealth of his bachelor uncle and father, commissioned architect E. H. Kendall to design him a grand mansion. The four-story stone home, complete with light moat and ornate dormers and chimneys, was even more extravagant on the inside, with interiors designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany's early design firm called Associated Artists. The home was finished in 1884 and celebrated with a small society party of 500! The home hosted lavish events for the next few decades before being razed in 1930, following the death of Odgen's wife the year before. It was the last large mansions on Fifth Avenue below Central Park to be demolished.

1231 Sixth Avenue, ca. 1937. The crowd here on the west side of Sixth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets stand in front of a number of employment agencies. These include the Claremont Agency at no. 1231, the Atlantic Hippodrome Employment Agency at no. 1233, and the Geneva Agency at no. 1235. Though undated, the scene belies the massive employment lines that crowded New York streets for much of the Depression. The 50th Street station of the Sixth Avenue Elevated line is seen in the background. Service on this line ceased in late 1938 and it was razed in 1939, dating this photo to sometime prior.

Looking north on Fifth Avenue from 40th Street to 500 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1995. This slab-style Art Deco skyscraper was constructed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon from 1929-32, concurrently to the firm's most celebrated skyscraper, the Empire State Building.

Feeding birds by the fountain in Bryant Park, ca. 1930s. Bryant Park was laid out as a potter's field in 1823. The area became a public park in 1847, when it was named Reservoir Square after the adjacent reservoir. The Crystal Palace exhibition hall occupied the site from 1853 until it burned to the ground in 1858. In 1884, the park was given its present name in honor of William Cullen Bryant, the poet and newspaper editor who was also an advocate of public parks. After the main branch of the New York Public Library rose on the former site of the reservoir in 1899, Bryant Park was redesigned, and in the early years of this century became an active meeting place. During the Depression, it served as a warm-weather "dormitory" for the indigent, and in the 1970s, became a refuge for the homeless and an open market for drug dealers. Subsequent restoration and the opening of upscale restaurants have restored to its early state.

Hotel Mansfield ARCHITECT: Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen DATE: 1901-02 STYLE: Beaux-Arts BEAUX-ARTS MANHATTAN MIDTOWN WEST The Hotel Mansfield is a 12-story, red-brick and limestone Beaux-Arts style hotel located on the same prestigious Midtown block as the New York Yacht Club, the former Yale Club, the Harvard Club, the former Mechanics’ and Tradesmen’s Institute, the New York Bar Association, and the Algonquin Hotel. The Hotel Mansfield was an early example of the apartment hotel type that catered to well-to-do single men and childless couples, who resided in these buildings on a semi-permanent or even permanent basis, taking advantage of the services on offer such as common dining rooms, maid and laundry services, valets, and even private physicians. The architects Renwick, Aspinwall & Owen designed the Hotel Mansfield in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, in part, because of the style’s residential associations and flamboyance, which helped to set the hotel apart from other building types, such as office or commercial buildings.

COLUMBIA CLUB/RENAISSANCE HOTEL, MANHATTAN Address: 510 Fifth Avenue Constructed:1890-91 The Columbia Club was formed in 1901, and membership increased vastly by 1915 that the organization left the then-club district of Gramercy and purchased 4 West 43rd Street. Many other clubs followed suit and eventually this area centered around West 43rd and 44th Streets between Fifth and Sixth Avenues emerged as the “Clubhouse District”. Originally the Renaissance Hotel, the building was designed by architect Clarence Luce and was constructed in 1890-91 originally as an apartment hotel for young men.

Starting in the mid-nineteenth century, large trade fairs such as the Crystal Palace Exposition provided new venues for American art and inventiveness.

Fred F. French Building ARCHITECT: H. Douglas Ives and Sloan & Robertson DATE: 1926-27 STYLE: Near Eastern, Egyptian, Ancient Greek, Proto-Art Deco The design of this interior represents the stylistic compromise between lingering historicism and the modernistic trends which typified the architecture of the late 1920s. The interior continues the architectural historicism of the building’s exterior and is exceptional for the eclectic blend of Near Eastern, Egyptian, ancient Greek and proto-Art Deco influences. The lavish marble walls and floors, polychromatic vaults and gilt bronze wall fixtures of the public areas of the first-floor interior render the French Building among the finest commercial palaces of the late 1920s.

New York Public Library (Main Lobby, North and South Staircases from first to third floor and Central Hall, third floor) STATUS Designated Interior Landmark ARCHITECT: Carrere and Hastings DATE: 1898-1911 The interiors of the New York Public Library display some of the finest stonework and vaulting in the City. The ornamental plaster ceilings are of great elegance. These rooms and staircases provide a grand approach to the facilities of one of the finest libraries in the world. Three paired, pedimented entrance doors, set beneath high arched transoms of glass, are embellished by ornamental wrought-iron borders. The great interior space of the entrance lobby is over seventy feet long and forty-four feet wide. This space is all of stone, including the two grand Staircases leading to the upper floors.

Before the Times building ascended at 1 Broadway, there was a small hotel built around beer. During the 1890s, the Pabst Brewing Company began purchasing hotels and music halls to promote their beer. Securing properties in the Midwest and Chicago, Pabst would then sublease them to managers as long as they would only serve Pabst products. Leasing the land for the hotel from Charley Thorley (who in turn was leasing it from Henry Dolan, the Pabst Hotel's lot sat at the intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Its architect, Henry F. Kilburn then built a nine-story structure with hotel rooms on the third through nine floors and a restaurant and rathskeller on the lower floors and basement. While the rathskeller exceeded the property lines lawfully, a portico built for the restaurant did so illegally. While commonly done, this would be something the Pabst Hotel would come to regret. Opening November 11th, 1899, the Pabst Hotel found steady business as a bachelor's hotel and rathskeller. But suddenly, the Pabst found itself with a surprising enemy. The New York Times began ferociously attacking the Pabst for its illegal portico. While the portico was indeed illegal, it was odd that the paper would so rabidly pursue one single violation when the practice was fairly common. Nor did the Times let up. Beginning in July of 1900, the New York Times published dozens of articles and editorials demanding that the city remove the portico at the hotel's expense. However, the hotel's manager Regan ignored the articles and the city officials had no motivation to go after this violation over all the others. Numerous delaying tactics were put into place and it wasn't until 1901 that a judge ordered the portico removed. However, Regan and Thorley immediately appealed the decision. While the Pabst Hotel was fighting its portico battle with the Times, its demise was sealed in a different way. During the construction of the New York subway, the Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs had been campaigning for a subway stop at 42nd Street. The Subway had then purchased the neighboring property to the Pabst Hotel. However, in April of 1902, the Subway took possession of the Rathskeller, the underground beer hall where the hotel sold Pabst beer. With that, the Pabst corporation gave up, claiming this meant that the lease they had with Thorley was void (they would also later sue him.) What happened next offers some insight into the New York Times singling out of the Pabst. Adolph S. Och's purchased the Eno land from the subway corporation and leased the Pabst from Thorley. The Times then announced it was giving up its long-time home and building a new tower on Longacre square. The Times had won their war against the Pabst Hotel. When the Pabst Hotel was demolished in November of 1902, it was the first building supported by a steel structure to be fully demolished.

Replica of Federal Hall in Bryant Park, ca. 1932. While today there is a building in lower Manhattan called Federal Hall, the first building given that name in New York City was constructed in 1703 to serve as the city hall. The original Greek Revival structure was extensively renovated in 1788 by Pierre Charles L'Enfant, the architect of Washington, D.C. This work created what is considered the first example of Federal style architecture in the United States. The building became the Capitol of the newly formed country in 1789. Here, George Washinton was sworn in as President. The building was razed in 1812. But! it made a comeback (sort of). In 1932 the George Washington Bicentennial Planning Committee (established to honor the 200th anniversary of Washington's birth) and Sears, Roebuck, and Company erected a replica of the famous building, made out of wood and plaster. Situated in Bryant Park, near the terrace, the true-to-size building necessitated the temporary removal of a couple of statues. To further celebrate a reenactment of the inauguration was presented. Though master planner Moses had hoped that the display would boost visitation to the park (which had been largely neglected for decades), the replica was not hugely successful. That fact, and some shady financial dealings that depleted the committee's funds resulted in the razing the replica in 1933.

Before the Times building ascended at 1 Times Square, there was a small hotel built around beer. During the 1890s, the Pabst Brewing Company began purchasing hotels and music halls to promote their beer. Securing properties in the Midwest and Chicago, Pabst would then sublease them to managers as long as they would only serve Pabst products. The New York Times had other ideas for this plot in then-Longacre Square.

Though it has been a couple of hundred years since New York was seized by the British, New Yorkers have always contributed to the defense of their country. Here are a series of photos from our partners' archives of New Yorkers during wartime.

The Lyceum Theatre on 45th Street, which opened November 2, 1903 is the oldest continuously operating playhouse in Times Square Theatre District . Though the New Amsterdam Theatre and the Hudson Theatre opened earlier that same year, both spaces flirted with careers as movie theaters. The Lyceum holds the distinction of being the District’s oldest continually play-producing theatre, and in 1974, it was the first Broadway theater to be landmarked.

Crystal Palace ca. 1853 Starting in the mid-nineteenth century, large trade fairs such as the Crystal Palace Exposition provided new venues for American art and inventiveness. The "New-York Crystal Palace for the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations" was designed by Georg J.B. Carstensen and Charles Gildemeister, frankly modeled on the great hall of the same name that had opened in London's Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Both were cast iron and glass building of vast scale. New York's Crystal Palace stood on a site behind the Croton Distributing Reservoir, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues on 42nd Street (today's Bryant Park). President Franklin Pierce opened the New York version on July 4, 1853, inaugurating America's first World's Fair. The exhibition closed on November 1 of the following year, but the building continued to host trade shows until it was destroyed by fire on October 5, 1858. Advertised by the fair's promoters as a fireproof structure, the great glass and iron hall was destroyed by flame in fifteen minutes. According to the Sun, within the week of the calamity a certain industrious Mrs. Richardson set up an outdoor stand in the adjoining Palace Garden and sold relics of the conflagration, including "vitrified masses of glass, metals, \&c., showing the intense heat which h prevailed at the time of the destruction."

Kress and Company Building, 1935. Designed by Brooklyn architect Edward Sibbert, the seven-story flagship Kress and Co. store on Fifth Avenue was the crowing glory of Sibbert 's career as the chief architect for Kress. He created more than 50 stores for the dime store chain. The marble Art Deco structure included Mayan motifs in the interior. This Kress store survived until 1977, though it was no longer the flagship and was only using the basement and first two floors of the building in the last few years. Kress & Co. went entirely out of business in 1980. The lot at the corner of 39th Street and Fifth Avenue is currently part of the HSBC Tower.

The former Lincoln Safe Deposit Company Building, 42nd Street, ca. 1910. Built on the eve of the twentieth century, the Lincoln Safe Deposit Company building stood diagonally across 42nd Street from the old Grand Central Depot. The transition to electric trains, and the erection of the new Grand Central Terminal with covered tunnels and state-of-the-art engineering that shielded tall buildings from railroad vibrations, brought on rapid changes in this area that would would through the 19120s, culminating in an explosion of Art Deco skyscrapers and apartment buildings. The Lincoln Safe Deposit Company building- which had a branch of the Lincoln National Bank within, was replaced by the 54-story Lincoln Building.

Hotel Metropole, not dated. 147 West 43rd Street has been the site of a hotel for more than a century. Now the Casablanca Hotel, in the early part of the 20th-century, the lot was home to Hotel Metropole. While celebrated as the first hotel in New York City to have running water in every room, Hotel Metropole was one of the most storied gangland hotels in all of Manhattan. A pair of professional gamblers, known as the Consindine Brothers, ran the hotel on behalf of Tammany Hall boss Big Tim Sullivan. The hotel, a crucial part of Big Tim's hustle, was also connected to the small-time gambler, Herman Rosenthal, who ran a lavish gambling den just a few blocks north. In the summer of 1912, Herman Rosenthal, a small-time gambler, was murdered at the Metropole at the behest of Charles Becker, a New York Polic detective who had been on the take. Rosenthal was a well-hated man after talking to the press, giving up information about a gambling ring aided in large part by a cabal of corrupt police. Both Becker, who was considered the mastermind and the gunmen, Harry “Gyp the Blood” Horrowitz and Lefty Louie Rosenburg, were executed for the crime.

Sherry's Hotel, ca. 1905. Sherry's was a restaurant established in 1880 by Louis Sherry. Popular among New York's elite society, the restaurant moved locations a few times in its first two decades (from 38th Street and Sixth Avenue to 37th Street and Fifth Avenue). Just before the turn of the century the society mainstay moved in to a new hotel building at Fifth Avenue and 44th Street (seen here). The ballroom at the hotel was well-known for catering lavish dinner parties. The most extravagant event might have been the party thrown by industrialist C.K.G. Billings in 1903. As the guests drank champagne and dined on a fine meal, they did so all while seated on a horse! Billings was a passionate horseman who built a 25,000 square foot horse stable and accompanying mansion uptown. Originally the dinner was to be at the stables but instead, he switched venues to the hotel. The "horseback dinner" was called by the New York Times “one of the most novel that has ever been given in the city.” The Sherry Hotel and Restaurant moved out of this building in 1919 and Sherry's restaurant moved into the Hotel Netherland on Fifth Avenue and 59th Street (where its name lives in the 1927-completed Sherry Netherland Hotel). The building at 44th Street became offices for the Guaranty Trust Company building in 1919. Undergoing a major renovation in the 1960s, the building had 12 more stories added and had its intricate facade replaced with limestone. Today the building still stands with a modern two-story commercial base.

Lyceum Theater ARCHITECT: Herts & Tallant DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Beaux-Arts Among its important qualities, the Lyceum Theatre is the oldest playhouse in New York City still serving the legitimate stage. During its history, many notable actors and actresses have appeared there. It was designed in the ornate Beaux-Arts style by the noted theatre architects Herts & Tallant. It contains extensive and innovative theatrical facilities, and is visually dramatic, creating a special atmosphere contributing to the excitement of the theatre and recalling an exciting era in American theatrical history.

The Chrysler Building, the Empire State, 30 Rock, and other skyscrapers adorn the skyline. At street level the solitude of the Public Library, and the glitz of Fifth Avenue. And underground, Grand Central Terminal ushers commuters in and out of the city. Take a walk amongst the sights of Midtown East.

New York Times Building ca. 1908 Designed by Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz, son of the noted architect Leopold Eidlitz, this building overcame several structural difficulties in the construction of its foundations. In style it is reminiscent of the Italian Renaissance, with corbeled cornice and decorative detail. On a similar site, it repeated the theme of the Flatiron building, although with less visual daring.

10 East 40th Street ca. 1943 This building formerly known as the Chase Tower is located across from the New York Public Library at 40th street between Madison and 5th avenue. Ludlow and Peabody the architects who designed the NY Times Building and Peoples Trust Co. in Brooklyn designed 10 East 40th street, a massive 44 story office building in x. The entire width of the block, a 75x 200 ft site is extruded and setback gradually with no light courts. The elements and details are classical but reveal a modern essence

Belasco Theatre, September 1936. Originally called the Stuyvesant Theatre, the theatre building was completed in 1907 by architect George Keister for impresario David Belasco. Belasco lived and worked in a large duplex apartment above the auditorium. The theatre had both a spectacularly designed interior, with Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels and ornamental woodwork, and new advanced technology, with modern lighting rigs and a hydraulic fly system. Belasco renamed the building for himself in 1910 and it continued to produce theatrical performances. Purchased in 1949 by the Shuberts, they leased it for use as an NBC studio for three years. In 1952 it returned to its original function and remains a Broadway house today.

The photo published in The Forward on December 25, 1968 had this curious (and sexist) caption: Israel’s Prettiest Join New York’s Finest at Times Square (טיימס סקװער in Yiddish), New York as a New York police officer stands in the center and observes stoically.”

Windsor Hotel, 1885.

Times Square ca. 1923

"In the final analysis, the New York Chamber Music Society would possibly not have existed if Aeolian Hall was not built. It was a perfect hall for an ensemble of their size, thus the appropriate music could be programmed, knowing that any performance would be the best sounding acoustically, the most accessible to the public, and a great showcase for the critics to opine on the performances and the music. Additionally, the New York composers she commissioned not only took into consideration who they were writing for but also the acoustical space — having a premiere at Aeolian Hall was a great honor... NYCMS had established itself in New York City at Aeolian Hall and, were now able to move to another location knowing they would have an audience to follow. " For more on Aeolian Hall and the New York Chamber Music Society, check out this article by Lisa Kozenko in Gotham: A Blog for Scholars of New York City History.

William Cullen Bryant, a 19th century poet and namesake of the library’s backyard park, edited the New York Evening Post, advocated for the emergence of the Republican Party in the 1850s, espoused ending slavery and supported the founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Here he sits in commanding intellectual posture, embodying the western liberal mind and spirit. Across from Bryant - not pictured here - sits the statue of another American poet, Gertrude Stein, sculpted in the 1920s but not installed in the park until the 1990s - the first statue of a real female (versus a personification or symbol, like Audrey Munson) in NYC since Joan of Arc in Riverside Park in 1915; Gertrude sits in the lotus position, in meditative repose, zenlike, at one with the universal void. These two statues anchor the soul and central nervous system of the library and the midtown park.

International Casino, date unknown (post 1937). The International Casino was an Art Deco building designed by Thomas Lamb and Eugene DeRosa on the site of the Olympia Theatre. It was not a casino in the late 20th century sense of gambling, but a diner club and entertainment venue. The casino only lasted from 1937 until 1940 when a large clothing retailer took over the space on the corner of 45th Street and stayed in business until 1977. In 1980 the Bond's International Casino opened as a nightclub. A popular venue for rock acts, the building hosted Blue Oyster Cult, the Clash, the Dead Kennedys, and Blondie. The venue only survived until 1988. By the 1990s Roundabout Theatre Company had taken over the space and by 2000 it was the world's largest Toys "R" Us. In 2016 the entire blockfront between 44th and 45th Streets was once again demolished for a planned commercial space to house flagship stores of The Gap and Old Navy. During the excavation for the new building, remnants of the 1895 Olympia Theatre were discovered.

The Elk's Club found its humble beginnings as the "Jolly Corks," a fraternal social club founded to skirt city mandate that set the closing time of the nearby taverns. A member of the Jolly Cork's death inspired his fellow club goers to rebrand as the "Elk's Club," a social institution with aims to benefit society at large. Their location in Manhattan was conveniently located near Times Square - and, as you would guess, most of its members were men working in the theater industry. Women interested in the club were part of an order of "Does" until the club officially admitted women in the 1990s. The club also only admitted white members until 1970. Prior to this, a black fraternal club shared the name the "Elks," until they were sued and forced to differentiate themselves as, the "Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World." The club has expanded to include chapters in American cities of all sizes across the country and is still an important charitable organization. It is now headquartered in Chicago.

Hotel Cadillac, 1907. The Hotel Cadillac was originally constructed as the eight-story Barrett House Hotel in 1883 (a second 12-story section, seen at right and first called the Cadillac, was added a few years later). Here in 1888 Eugene O'Neill, the playwright was born. In 1900 the two section merged under the one name. The hotel survived until 1940 when it was razed for a small taxpayer building.

Few restaurants have a better claim on being an integral part of New York Restaurant History than Delmonico's. From its beginnings on Wall Street to its expansion uptown, Delmonico's was the first and last word on Gilded Age fine dining.

The design and craftsmanship within the spaces Goelet Building make it among the finest examples of an Art Deco commercial interior. The marble polychromy, the horizontal and vertical battens, the inlay, and the aluminium leaf, characteristic components of the Art Deco, effectively define the sequence of these spaces. Robert Goelet, a financer, and real estate developer wished a building that would be comparable in architectural merit and prestige to the family mansion it replaced and would also complement the use and appearance of the buildings of the adjacent Rockefeller Center, then under construction. The decoration of the ceilings covered with aluminum leaf, with the exception of the Goelet swan, a specific and realistic referent to the client, offers a broad range of stylized and geometricized Art Deco elements.

National Theatre (far right), 1935. Opened September 1, 1921, as the National Theatre, this was (and still is) the southernmost theatre in the Broadway district. Common among New York theatres, the venue has gone through a number of name changes over its history. It has been the Billy Rose Theatre, Trafalgar Theatre, and finally the David T. Nederlander Theatre. Between 1996 and 2008 the Nederlander was the home of the long-running hit Rent. For that production, the facade of the theatre was made to look like a downtown club. (Rent is set in Alphabet City.) Today the theatre continues to host Broadway performances, though the facade has been returned to its original look of plain brick and metal details.

Fifth Avenue at the southeast corner of 46th Street, 1946. Notice the two versions of double-decker Fifth Avenue Coaches waiting at the light. On the left, an older model, likely a Yellow Coach-produced Type Z (1930) with a covered upper level. The bus on the right is a Model 735 (1936-1938), which was called the Queen Mary because of its supposed likeness to the cruise ship.

RFK was interviewed on WEVD radio, an indication of the Forward’s deep support of progressive politics. The call letters are the initials of American socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, who was a candidate for president four times, including once from prison, where he was serving time for defying a court injunction against a strike.

New York Yacht Club, 1908. Founded in 1844, the New York Yacht Club has long been the home of New Yorkers' most prestigious yachtsmen. From the beginning the New Yorkers distinguished themselves. Winning America’s Cup in 1857, the New York Yacht Club successfully defended it twenty-four times in a row before losing in 1983, the longest winning streak measured in years in the history of sports. Its current (and primary clubhouse) was built in 1901 following a series of lesser homes throughout the city. The NYYC commissioned the architecture firm Warren & Wetmore to design them a permanent home in 1898. The resulting Beaux-Art design established Warren & Wetmore’s reputation and in 1987 was designated at National Historic Landmark.

Main Branch, New York Public Library, 1908. Perhaps one of the most recognizable buildings in the city, the Main Branch of the New York Public Library was built on land that had served as the Croton Reservoir since the early 1840s. In the late 1890s, the newly established library announced an open competition for the creation of a new building. The commission was awarded to the (then largely unknown) firm of Carrère & Hastings. After two years of dismantling the reservoir, the cornerstone for the new structure was laid on November 10, 1902. The resulting edifice, which was then the largest marble structure constructed in the United States, was designed to the wishes of the library's director. Dr. Billing envisioned a grand reading room constructed on top of seven floors of stacks and a complex system for book retrieval and dissemination. Dedicated on May 23, 1911 (the 16th anniversary of the merger that created the new centralized institution) the new library installed 75 miles of shelving for its one million books. The library was immediately an overwhelming success, with between 30,000 and 50,000 visitors on the very first day. The iconic stone lions that grace the entrance to the library had a bit of an identity crisis in their early years. First named "Leo Astor" and "Leo Lenox" (for the library's founders), they were then referred to as Lord Astor and Lady Lenox (though, obviously, both lions are male) before being christened "Patience" and "Fortitude" by Mayor La Guardia during the Depression. His nicknames nodded towards virtues that he felt New Yorkers would need to possess during the difficult financial times.

Lyceum Theater Interior ARCHITECT: Herts & Tallant DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The significant architectural features of this theatre include a lobby with a vaulted domed ceiling and murals, and an auditorium with an elaborate Beaux-Arts style proscenium arch, carved ornament, and elaborate and handsome ceiling. The arch also has flanking boxes covered by projecting hoods, each adorned with oversize gilded plaster swags and cartouches bearing the monogram “L.” The center of the proscenium arch is crowned by an enormous sculpture group representing ” Pallas-Athena, the Goddess of Wisdom, accompanied by Music and Drama.”

Engineer's Club ARCHITECT: Whitfield & King DATE: 1905-07 The Engineers’ Club Building is an early example of the high-rise clubhouse building. It featured 66 sleeping rooms, in addition to public and social spaces. The Engineers’ Club occupied the West 40th Street building until 1979, when the structure was successfully converted into residential apartments. Today the Engineers’ Club Building looks almost exactly as it did more than a century ago. It continues to stand as an architectural reminder of the emergence of New York State as the engineering center of the country and of the United States as an industrial and economic power. As the last remaining club building on a block which once had several, the Engineers’ Club Building is also a visual reminder of the prominence of the social club and of the bachelor apartment at the turn of the 20th century.

Church of St. Mary the Virgin Complex ARCHITECT: Napoleon Le Brun & Sons; Pierre Le Brun DATE: 1894-1985 STYLE: Gothic-inspired St. Mary’s was designed to evoke, in the church and Lady Chapel, the 13th-century French Gothic style and, in the Rectory, Clergy and Mission Houses, the 14th-century French Gothic style. The result is one of the finest Gothic-inspired designs of New York’s late 19th-century. The steel frame construction of the church can be said to have made the building the first of its kind and size in the world, thus redefining the conventional methods of ecclesiastical building construction. Among the building’s several specific Anglo-catholic characteristics are the subjects selected for the sculptures of J. Massey Rhind.

The New York Hippodrome, view across the tracks of the Sixth Avenue El, ca. 1905. The Hippodrome, a massive Midtown entertainment venue, opened in 1905, two blocks north of Bryant Park. During its heyday, Hippodrome acts included leading vaudeville performers, musical acts, circus animals, and the celebrated illusionist Harry Houdini. As entertainment tastes shifted alongside the proliferation of motion picture halls, the Hippodrome struggled to stay afloat. The venue closed for good in 1939 an was demolished shortly thereafter. A modern skyscraper known as "The Hippodrome Building" was built in the site during the 1950s.

Constructed in 1913, the Biltmore Hotel was the first post-Grand Central Terminal commission for Warren and Wetmore (who had used some seriously underhanded methods to secure Terminal City work)

My Archive Summer 2019

New Amsterdam Theatre, ca. 1910. The Art Nouveau New Amsterdam Theatre was constructed between 1902 and 1903 to the designs of the firm of Henry Hertz and Hugh Tallant. The architects created a highly ornamented building; the first three floors are lavish in decoration and sculpture. Its popular roof garden was added in 1904. The building incorporated two theatrical spaces and an office tower to be leased to theatrical interests. Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., creator of the Ziegfeld Follies maintained an office in the building between 1913 and 1927, and the Follies themselves were performed on a New Amsterdam stage between 1913 and 1920, 1922 and 1925, and 1927. The roof garden venue at that time was called Ziegfeld Midnight Frolic and was known for more racy and tantalizing productions. The theatre closed in 1936 and was converted into a movie house for much of the rest of the 20th century. During this era the roof garden space was used as a rehearsal area for Broadway shows. In the 1990s the building was purchased by the Disney Theatrical Productions and underwent a massive and costly renovation to return the building to original grandeur. The roof garden was unfortunately permanently closed at this time, due to modern building codes. Since 1997 the venue has been the home of Disney-produced musicals, including The Lion King, Mary Poppins, and Aladdin.

Purity (Defeat of Slander) was a sculpture erected in Times Square in 1909 by artist Leo Lentelli. The statue depicts a crowned women draped in robes on a tall plinth. She holds a shield with the words "Our City" inscribed with "visible great dark blotches and spots to typify the mudslinging she had warded off," described William Harmon Black, former president of New York City's Board of Alderman (via Untapped Cities). Symbolically, the work represented public criticism of widespread political corruption in New York City politics at the time. Ultimately, the statue's life was short lived. Made of plaster, Purity melted in a downpour in November of 1909, and the 8-ton sculpture was dismantled a soon after.

Metropolitan Opera House, 39th Street and Broadway, ca. 1905. The first home of the Metropolitan Opera, the J. Cleavland Cady-designed “old Met,” opened in October, 1883 with a performance of “Faust” (the same opera that opened the Brooklyn Academy of Music twenty-five years later). The Met held its closing gala in April, 1966 (though an additional Bolshoi Ballet performance would be staged in May), ahead of the company’s move to its current home at Lincoln Center. The “old Met” was demolished the next year, after attempts to win Landmarks designation were unsuccessful.

Street Clock at 522 Fifth Avenue, May 13, 1938. The double-faced cast-iron clock at 522 Fifth Avenue was manufactured in 1907 by the Seth Thomas Company. Originally installed one block south on Fifth Avenue and 43rd Street in front of the American Trust Company, the clock was relocated in the 1930s when the American Trust Company merged with the Guaranty Trust Company. It was just one of a proliferation of large clocks installed on New York City streets, beginning in the 1860s. The clocks, which provided a unique advertising space for businesses, were also used by those on the streets for convenient time keeping. Most of the late 19th and early 20th-century street clocks did not make it passed the mid 20th century, but a few did. In 1981 the Landmarks Preservation Commission designated eight of the sidewalk clocks still standing as landmarks.

Originally installed in 1894 in Bryant Park (seen in situ here), the bronze statue of Dr. Marion Sims was moved to Central Park, opposite the New York Academy of Medicine at Fifth Avenue and 103rd Street, in 1934. Sims, who is often referred to as the "father of modern gynecology" is a contention historical figure. A medical doctor who practiced in Pennsylvania, Alabama and New York, Sims owned slaves while living in the South. Though his research into fistulas and new surgical methods was groundbreaking and renowned, he experimented on enslaved women, repeatedly and without anesthesia. After nearly a decade of protests led by a black activist named Viola Plummer, East Harlem Preservation, and others, the city removed the statue from the park in April 2018. It was shipped to Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery where the doctor is buried. The cemetery plans to re-install the statue near the burial site with a historical display to contextualize Sim's life and work.

503 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1918. The first structure on this corner of Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street was a four-story residence completed in 1860. The brick and brownstone mansion with arched windows and a mansard roof became the home of Montagnie Ward, a drug merchant. The next owner, Levi P. Morton, a banker who would go on to national and international political notoriety, purchased the home in 1871. Morton proposed demolishing the house for a seven-story commercial building in the late 1870s. While that was not to come to pass, the home did have its mansard lopped off, two floors added, and was doubled in size by an extension to the full depth of the lot on 42nd Street. (Prior to conversion into a commercial building, a young Edith Jones, later Wharton, was introduced into society at the Morton Mansion.) By the late 19th century the top floors of the building functioned as a hotel, while the ground level housed a showroom for one of the premier carriage makers in the city. Despite out-of-town positions such as Ambassador to France and American Vice President, Morton held on to the building. (It was quite the income generator for Morton, with considerable rents and money generated from the billboards that covered the exterior by the 1910s.) Morton died in 1920 but his heirs retained ownership through 1980. The building changed hands between large commercial development firms a few times in the 1980s while being emptied of tenants. A history-cum-eulogy of the building in 1988 by NY Time writer Christoper Gray suggested an unknown yet imminent timeline for the building's disappearance. The building and a few of its neighbors came down in 1990, but the lot remained empty for more than a decade. In 2004 a 27-story glass and concrete commercial structure was erected.

National-Lefcourt Building, 1993. This boxy-tower, formerly known as the National Lefcourt Building, was erected in 1929 by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Associates. 40-stories high, the building was completed for Abraham E. Lefcourt, one of New York’s leading real estate developers in the 1920s.

Steam + Felt = Hats, March 1, 1938. The occupants of the upper floors of this building are hat manufacturers. The construction and finishing of felt hats (the material in style for hat making in the 1930s) involved massive amounts of steam to mold and shape the products. Surrounded by the garment district (then covering 34th to 40th Streets between Sixth and Ninth Avenue) and the fur district, the millinery district covered a smaller footprint than the others. In fact, in the early mid century more than 15% of the country's (not city, but the whole country's) output of hats was manufactured in this building captured by Berenice Abbott in 1938.

Theatre Republic, 1900. Theater mogul Oscar Hammerstein I opened this venue with a Venetian facade as the Theatre Republic in 1900. In 1902, its manager and theatre impresario David Belasco leased the building. He renamed the theatre after himself. When Belasco took over full operation of the venue, he undertook major work, installing an orchestra pit, a new lighting system and a modern stage with trap doors through which scenery could be hoisted. In 1910, Belasco's Stuyvesant Theatre on 44th Street took over the Belasco Theatre name, while this one returned to the name Theatre Republic. By 1931, the theater was once again renamed, this time as Minsky's Burlesque, Broadway's first burlesque house. Upon the ban of burlesque shows in 1942, it became "The Victory," a second-run movie house. Just as it set the stage as a place to indulge vices of the 1930s, in the 1970s the venue became the first porn theater on 42nd Street. The Victory cleaned up its act in the 1990s, and the stage was "once again graced by legitimate theater." It opened with the plays "Crowbar" and a production of "Romeo and Juliet." The Victory was acquired by the City and State to become part of the 42nd Street Development Project. The theater reopened as The New Victory Theater in 1995.

Designed expressly as a showcase for jewelry, this building has always provided an exquisite background for the display of gems and silverware. The simple show windows are well set off between handsome piers which lead the eye up to one of the most beautiful cornices in Manhattan.

Vanderbilt Concourse Building, 1917. Designed by one of Grand Central's architectural firms, Warren & Wetmore, between 1914 and 1916, the Vanderbilt Concourse Building was one of the early office buildings of Terminal City. At 20 stories it has a limestone base and brick facade. The building is topped on all facades by a three-story loggia (covered exterior corridor) and a simple, though decorative, cornice. In 1971, as the railroad company, by then Penn Central, was suffering financial instability, this building as sold along with at least five other parcels owned by the railroad. In recent years this building has been suggested for landmark designation due to its Terminal City history, in an attempt to preserve a number of older buildings at risk with the rezoning of east Midtown.

30 Rock ca. 1938 Rockefeller Center has a visionary dimension: it materialized a microcosm of the twenties' ideal, rationalized city of the future. Unprecedented in its sweeping scale of "urban renewal" (decades before the term was invented), Rockefeller Center replaced three full city blocks of low-rise, low-rent buildings, stretching from Forty-eighth to Fifty-first Streets between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, with a skyscraper complex of more than a dozen mixed-use buildings, with its multiple towers, widely spaced for sunlight and views. The centerpiece of the harmonious architectural ensemble was the seventy-story RCA Building, a tower that took the new form of a "slab," rather than the stepped pyramid produced by the zoning law, and that achieved a titanic scale, a volume of more than two million square feet, that was matched only by the Empire State Building. Raymond Hood and Harvey Wiley Corbett collaborated as key senior figures on the Center's larger team of designers, called the Associated Architects of Rockefeller Center. In the earliest stages of the design, Corbett advised on the overall site plan, advocating for plazas and arcades, a two-story commercial mall that bridged the cross streets, and separate pedestrian and vehicular zones, as in his visionary proposals. Hood's major contributions to Rockefeller Center were the massing of the RCA Building and the introduction of roof gardens throughout the complex.xtensive development of roof areas as interlocking gardens and a lofty observation deck created a romantic landscape in the sky that surpassed the visionary drawings by Hugh Ferriss of the early 1920s. Raymond Hood saw roof gardens as a transformative element in the modern metropolis. He objected to ìthe dirty-brown cluttered waste of unrelieved ugliness which is the roof view of New York we have accepted as inevitable.î Instead, as he wrote in "Hanging Gardens of New York," The New York Times Magazine article shown here, tower occupants could enjoy "a picture to which art and nature have contributed color and design with a note of gayety." Hood proposed nearly seven acres of gardens for Rockefeller Center, covering two thirds of the total roof area. To sell this idea to his businessmen clients, Hood emphasized the gardens' economic value. Water H. Kilham Jr., who worked on the project, recounted how Hood approached the developmentís manager J. R. Todd, disingenuously inquiring how much rental value might be gained if the Center's towers overlooked an open space like Bryant Park. When Todd replied "Around an additional dollar per square foot." Hood exclaimed: "A dollar, Mr. Todd! . . .Do you know there will be about seven acres of roof over the lower parts of Radio City? A lot of office space will look out over those roofs. At a dollar more per square foot extra you could afford to landscape those roofs like the hanging gardens of Babylon." Not long afterward, Kilham recalled, "the architectural sculptor RenÈ Chambellan was indicating foliage in plasticine on the model of the roofs, and I was working out a system of wire netting that would retain the roots of trees so they wouldnít blow over in the relatively shallow soil." About four acres of gardens were actually constructed at Rockefeller Center.

Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street, ca. 1914. The trolley, which is traveling north towards the Times Building at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street, is a car of the New York Railways Company Seventh Avenue Line. Originally organized as the Broadway and Seventh Avenue Railroad, which began operation on Seventh Avenue in 1865, the line was leased in 1893 by the Houston West Street & Pavonia Ferry Railroad Company. Through various leases, acquisitions, and new incorporated companies, this line would eventually become (like most Manhattan streetcar lines) part of the New York Railways Company. In 1925, New York Railways was acquired as a subsidiary of the Fifth Avenue Coach and that action was the death knell for the trolleys, which were replaced by buses by 1936.

Following the Civil War, the resumption of industry, trade, and peace were boom times for New York City. Hundreds of thousands flocked to New York and as they did the city expanded. Out of this new growth came with it the Theater District, which teemed with shows, operas, and acts to amuse the city's population. This list highlights some of the theaters that sprung up during the turn of the century.

Cort Theatre, undated. Built in 1912 by famed theatre architect Thomas W. Lamb for producer John Cort, the Cort Theatre sat more than 1000 patrons. The exterior was modeled after the Petit Trianon, a small chateau on the grounds of Versailles, while the interior was decorated in an over the top Louis XVI-style with marble and elaborate plaster panels. The Shubert Organization has owned the theatre since 1927, and it was named a designated NYC landmark in 1987.

Helen Hayes Theatre, West 46th Street, ca. 1977. Constructed in 1911 by Herts & Tallant as the Folies-Bergers, a dinner theatre with vaudeville, the venue was only open under this name for six months. (Though that was enough time for an 18-year-old Mae West to be discovered during her Broadway debut that September.) The Moorish Revival structure, with its striking gold, turquoise, and ivory terra cotta facade was renamed the Fulton Theatre in October 1911. The dining tables on the orchestra level were replaced with traditional seating. The 895-seat auditorium saw both films and theatrical performances over the next few decades. Bela Lugosi starred in “Dracula” for 265 performances in 1927 and “Arsenic and Old Lace” with Boris Karloff premiered in 1941 and played for 1444 shows. In 1955 the theatre was renamed for Helen Hayes, the "First Lady of American Theatre" and EGOT winner. The venue survived until 1978 when it (and its neighbors the Morasco, Bijou, Astor, and Gaiety Theatres) were threatened with demolition. Despite the Hayes and the Moroasco being deemed eligible for for the National Register of Historic Places, demolition began in March of 1982. It is interrupted briefly when a number of actors are arrested for obstructing the work and is halted, again only briefly, when the the owners are forced to comply with a ruling to preserve objects of historic and architectural interest. Today on the lots that once were occupied by the five historic theatres sits the 1985 Marriott Marquis Hotel, which has its own Broadway theatre. Despite their inaction in this case, by 1987 the Landmarks Preservation Commission had individually landmarked 25 Broadway theatres. In 2011, 50 pieces of terra cotta collected from the ruins of the Helen Hayes facade went up for auction.

Association of the Bar of the City of New York ARCHITECT: Cyrus L. W. Eidlitz DATE: 1895-96 STYLE: Classic Eclectic Although severe in its Classic Eclectic design, the limestone facade of this building has great strength and dignity as befits a structure housing distinguished members of the legal profession. With two entrances, one on 43rd Street and the other on 44th Street, the latter is the most important. This consists of a recessed porch with two magnificent fluted Doric columns. A strong horizontal stone band separates the base from the second floor and extends the entire width of the building. Rising above and extending through the third and fourth stories are four pairs of well proportioned Corinthian pilasters forming three distinct bays of which the center one is wider than those on either side. The windows of the third floor are small, but those on the fourth are wide with small Ionic columns at each window.

International Casino, ca. 1937.

Lyric Theatre, 1903. Completed in 1903, the Lyric Theatre actually was one of the only New York theatres with two formal entrances: 213 West 42nd Street (seen here) and 214-226 West 43rd Street. The original occupant of the theatre was supposed to be composer Reginald De Koven's American School of Opera. Unfortunately, the school went bankrupt before construction was completed and the theatre was leased to the Shubert brothers. In 1934 the building became a movie theatre, which it remained until 1992. In the mid-1990s, as a part of the Times Square renewal project, the theatre was gutted and combined with its neighbor, the Apollo, to create the Ford Center. The Ford Center was then renamed the Hilton Theatre in 2005, the Foxwoods Theatre in 2010, and was once again called the Lyric Theatre by 2014. Today the facades of the two formal entrance to the original Lyric Theatre act as the entrances of the modern Lyric Theatre.

Yale Club, ca. 1975. The Old Yale Alumni Association of New York was founded in 1868 and was formalized as the Yale Club in 1897. An elite social club for alumni and faculty of Yale University, they moved into their current home at 50 Vanderbilt in 1915. Designed by Yale alumnus, James Gamble Rogers, the Renaissance Revival skyscraper was constructed on land leased by New York Central Railroad as part of the real estate development around Grand Central. The facade is rendered in limestone, brick, and terra cotta. The architect consulted with Warren & Wetmore, the architects of the Terminal and other nearby buildings, to ensure the club blended in with the style of its neighbors. Supposedly (according to the Ken Burns documentary) the club horded enough liquor to last them through Prohibition. The club allowed female members beginning in 1968. To the scorn of some of the other clubs and the unhappiness of a portion of its members, the Yale Club became the first of New York's Ivy League clubs to allow a business casual dress code in 1999.

Charles Scribner's Sons Building ARCHITECT: Ernest Flagg DATE: 1912-13 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The interior of this building is a fine example of Beaux-Arts commercial space, which created an appropriate image for the sale of books. It represents Ernest Flagg’s ideas on the interrelationship of exterior and interior design and planning. The flamboyant ironwork which frames the first floor interior exemplifies some of the best design and craftsmanship of the early 20th century. The two-story vaulted space, organized as a basilica-like form, with its mezzanine, balconies, and clerestory is outstanding for its complex spatial elements and beauty of form, as articulated in the elegant mirrored end-wall, graceful central staircase, spiral staircase on the south side, and delicate cast-iron railings.

Remains of the Windsor Hotel, 1899. This photograph is dated one day after the massive Windsor Hotel fire that claimed the lives of more than 90 people. The charred ruins of the building were not demolished immediately and the search for victims went on for nearly a month. Despite suggesting that they would erect a monument to the tragedy's victims, hotel proprietor Warren F. Leland and land owner Elbridge T. Gerry ended up using the site for billboards in the year after the fire. In 1901 a new three-story building, the Windsor Arcade, was constructed and housed luxury shops. It was later demolished in 1910.

Metropolitan Opera, ca. 1905. It was here, at 39th and Broadway, where one of the greatest Gilded Age dramas played out. And it wasn't on stage! As new families made money from finance and industry, old-money New Yorkers tried to maintain their social standing by excluding the newcomers from events and institutions. But when the old guard denied William H. Vanderbilt one of the 18 private boxes at the New York Academy of Music on 14th Street—the city's premiere musical venue—Vanderbilt took a stand. He corralled a group of new-monied bankers and industrialists to create a performance space of their own. The Goulds, Morgans, Whitneys, and Rockefellers were among those who paid $10,000 each to begin a "social war of extermination." They hired the architect J.C. Cady to design the Metropolitan Opera House. The result was a yellow brick structure some called simple and dignified and others compared to a brewery: "Looked at from the street," wrote the New York World, "the building appears like an enormous malthouse. Inside it has the appearance of a Mississippi steamboat." But no one could dispute that is size was impressive. It had 122 boxes (versus the Academy's 18), the largest stage in the United States, and the capacity to fit more than 3,000 people. On opening night, according to the New York Dramatic Mirror, "all the nouveau riches were on hand. The Goulds and the Vanderbilts and people of that ilk perfumed the air with the odor of crisp greenbacks" and "the tiers looked like cages in a menagerie of monopolists." Ultimately, new money won the battle to take center stage in the city's social scene. A little more than two years after the Metropolitan Opera opened, the Academy of Music closed. Its owner told the press: "I simply could not fight a battle with all Wall Street." The Broadway building was torn down in 1967 after a failed attempt by political leaders and preservationists to designate it as a landmark. Since 1966, the Metropolitan Opera has made its home at Lincoln Center.

Central Doorway of RCA Building, 1933. Designed by Raymond Hood, the head architect of the Rockefeller Center complex, 30 Rockefeller Plaza was originally built for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) between 1931 and 1933. The 30-story building has an austere Art Deco facade with Gothic elements. The Art Deco decoration is best seen at ground level and features heroic and mythical themes (inspired by the Rockefeller's philosopher consultant). The relief above the center door seen here was created by Lee Oscar Lawrie, a preeminent architectural sculptor (he also created the statue of Atlas with Rene Paul Chambellan for the complex). The relief called Wisdom considers the power of universe; the central, bearded figure (biblical or perhaps Zeus) holds a compass. He is blowing away clouds, which represent ignorance. With the compass he is directing the cosmic forces. The quote inscribed below the figure comes from the Old Testament Book of Isaiah: "Wisdom and Knowledge Shall Be The Stability Of Thy Times." He is flanked by smaller reliefs depicting Sound and Light.

Lord & Taylor Building ARCHITECT: Starrett & Van Vleck DATE: 1913-14 STYLE: Italian Renaissance Revival The Lord & Taylor Building’s Italian Renaissance Revival design began the trend toward more evidently commercial appearances for retail buildings in the Fifth Avenue shopping district above 34th Street. The building and its site wrap around what was historically a separate parcel at the corner of Fifth Avenue and West 39th Street; the ten-story building with its main façade on Fifth Avenue and two developed facades on West 38th and 39th Streets owes its dignified sense of scale to the subtle treatment of its tripartite façade consisting of a two-story limestone and granite base with elegant double-height, vaulted Fifth Avenue entrance and two stories of display windows, a six-story center section of subtly modulated gray face-brick with terra-cotta and patterned brick detailing and multi-light windows, and a two-story limestone colonnade in the Corinthian order supporting a deep copper cornice.

1400 Broadway (at left) and Bricken-Casino Building (no. 1410, at right), December 5, 1935. These two neighboring building rise to nearly the same height and have similar setbacks and white brick facades. 1400 Broadway actually wraps around no. 1410. Both were designed by Ely Jacques Kahn, though the plans for no. 1400 were filed just before Kahn's partner Albert Buchman retired, so it is credited to both. The Bricken-Casino Building has been referred to as a wedding-cake-style office building. It (and its neighbor) were completed between 1930 and 1931. The base of the building (obscured here) is rendered in black granite and brass, while the upper levels have contrasting strips of white and black brick. This building was only one of a number of buildings constructed for developer Abraham Bricken. Bricken was Jewish immigrant who began his career in the garment industry. Turning from garment work to the real estate and construction industry, he was immensely successful. Between 1921 and 1929 his Bricken Construction Company built more than $50 million of real estate in the garment district alone.

Windsor Arcade ca. 1907 Though long gone now, the Windsor Arcade once sparkled with lightbulbs, columns, and ornaments as people wandered through its shops. However, its whimsical nature covered up a much more serious history. It was St. Patricks Day, 1899 when parade attendees suddenly began to notice cries for help and smoke coming from the 1872 Windsor Hotel. Horror soon struck the crowd as they watched people throw themselves from windows and become engulfed in flames. The fire escapes, which were simply ropes, couldn't adequately assist victims in reaching the ground; many fell to grievous injury or death. In the end, almost a hundred people perished in the fire and the hotel was entirely raised. While Warren Leland, the hotel's manager, wished to rebuild, Eldridge T. Gerry, the owner of the land, rented the space to billboards while considering the problem. Eventually, Gerry's architect, Charles Berg came up with the flamboyant Beaux Art structure that Gerry dubbed "The Windsor Arcade." The Arcade occupied a full city block, complete with street-level stores, offices on the second story, and studios on the third. All this surrounded a courtyard with an elaborate arcaded entrance on Fifth Avenue. Lit up by electric light bulbs, many argued about its taste, but none could deny that set among around the surrounding brick buildings, it was eye-catching. The Windsor Arcade eventually meet its end as well; it was demolished in parts during the early 20th century, giving way to towers.

The Museum’s ongoing exhibition Activist New York recently debuted a new case study that explores the battle over birth control and obscenity laws that raged in New York at the turn of the 19th century. A visitor to the new “Social Purity” case will notice a photograph of a scantily clad woman lounging in front of a lion skin. This is the dancer Gertrude Hoffman (sometimes spelled Hoffmann), and it was her portrayal of the princess Salome and her subsequent arrest that earned her a spot in the exhibition.

Mechanics Institute, ca. 1915. The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen was founded as an institution in 1785 to provide cultural, educational and social services to families of skilled craftsmen. In 1820 the General Society opened one of the city’s first free schools. Following the city getting its act together regarding public education, the Society converted their free public school in the Mechanics Institute in 1859. The Mechanics Institute provided adult education, particularly in technical subjects, and library was thought to be an alternative venue for adults (to keep the working classes from gambling and drinking). In 1899 the General Society moved into the Renaissance-style building on 44th Street. The building had been constructed in 1891 as the Berkeley School, a private boy's prep school. Designed by Lamb & Rich, the building had the look of a library or professional association, with large banks of windows on the second and third floors. The school founder sold the building to the General Society after some financial issues, and the large drill hall on the first floor was converted into the library. In 1905 the General Society also had architect Ralph Townsend add three stories to the top of the building and remove the the stoop to create a ground-floor entrance. Today the building continues to provide free educational programming. And in a contentious deal in 2008 the institution sold their unused air rights, which allowed a developer to add additional stories to an already planned new building around the corner.

On October 20th, 1996, in the F.Y.I. column of the New York Times, a reader wrote in: "When I was a child back in the 1950s, I seem to recall shaking hands with Mr. Peanut in Times Square. Was I dreaming?" The response from the Times was no, and the explanation that "Mr. Peanut was an employee of the Planter's Peanut store at 1560 Broadway." The store is pictured in the above postcard. Planter's Peanuts was founded in 1906 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Mr. Peanut, its dapperly dressed mascot, was developed in 1916 and has changed very little since. Planter's opened stores across the country, operating about 200 locations by 1960. The Times Square location was the largest of the franchise. The store and its 15,000 bulb sign became an icon in its own right, quickly gaining popularity in the years following the end of World War II. The "Planters Peanuts Advertising and Collectibles," a 1978 guide to the memorabilia of the company written by Richard D. and Barbara Reddock, is quoted in the Times' response, describing the Broadway location shop with "glass display cases, a roasting machine, a large 10-foot papier-mache Mr. Peanut, a cast-iron Mr. Peanut scale... a couple of costumes." These costumes included Mr. Peanut's quintessential black cane, and an outfit of "white spats, cuffs, and gloves," to accessorize the hard-plastic "shell" mask and top hat an employee would have to wear over his head. For the duration of the workday, Mr. Peanut could be seen parading up and down Broadway. On some occasions, he would even give out free bags of peanuts. The Times Square shop was closed in 1961. Standard Brands acquired Planter's Peanuts, which saw little need for retail stores. The rest of the Planter's stores followed suit.

"A view of the southeast corner of 45th Street, showing the portion of building containing Loew's New York Theatre, 1935." In 1895 Oscar Hammerstein I opened the Olympia Theatre, which housed a theatre, a music hall, a concert hall, and a roof garden. The complex had two main auditorium spaces: the Olympia Music Hall and the Lyric. Hammerstein was forced to sell the theatre complex in 1898 under financial strain.The imposing French Renaissance building was sold at auction in individual sections, and those sections remained theatrical and cinematic venues under a variety of names over the next 40 years. In this photograph, the darker building at left is the Loew's New York Theatre, which originally housed the Olympia Music Hall (thought it had been reduced in size after Hammerstein sold it). The building at the far right (on the north east corner of 44th Street, behind the large billboard) is the Criterion, which had been the original Lyric. Both buildings and the light colored stone structure at center made up the entire original Olympia complex. In 1936 the entire blockfront was demolished, though some sources claim parts of the original structures was kept. At the south corner of 45th (at left) the International Casino was constructed, while at the north corner of 44th (at far right) a modern movie house called the Criterion was erected.

Leopold Eidlitz designed this parish as a hybrid of the High Victorian and German Romanesque style in 1873. The new building for the Church of the Holy Trinity replaced a low Victorian "cottage ornee" at this very site. Colloquially, this church was known as Dr. Tyng's Church, which endearingly referred to the congregation's organizer - a young Dr. Stephen H. Tyng who was regarded as one of the most notable religious figures of his time. Unfortunately, this beautiful structure did not survive for long. It was razed after the parish merged with St. James in 1895.

Lines in front of Employment Agencies, date unknown (1930s).

Town Hall ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White; Teunis J. van der Bent DATE: 1919-21 STYLE: Auditorium This auditorium has achieved international renown for its excellent acoustics, a reflection of the architectural design which was based on the scientific analysis of acoustics. For solo performances and small music groups, the auditorium has provided an unrivaled intimate and acoustically fine atmosphere. The architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White was asked by the League for Political Education to design a structure to accommodate the organization’s needs for a speaker’s auditorium, a concert hall, a movie theater, and clubhouse.

Harvard Club Originally designed by McKim as a discreet Georgian building of a modest scale, it stands on a block where it once enjoyed as neighbors the Racquet Club, the Academy of Medicine, and the Berkeley School. Two wings were added behind it at a later date. Harvard Hall is probably one of the largest rooms in any club in New York, extending three stories in height, and in length the depth of a normal townhouse lot. The Florentine quality of the design, the two great fireplaces, and the tapestries all lend an air of subdued richness and warmth to this fine room.

Bush Terminal Building ARCHITECT: Helmle & Corbett DATE: 1916-21 STYLE: Neo-Gothic Combining historical neo-Gothic detailing with a modern, pronounced vertical emphasis, the building represents an important intermediate stage in the development of the skyscraper. Secondary elevations finished with an innovative treatment of trompe l’oeil colored brick piers, and the engineering solutions for the towerlike steel-frame building erected on a very narrow plot were features of interest.

Windsor Hotel, March 17, 1899. The Hotel, despite being what some considered to far uptown for success, was very popular and profitable. Alas the owner of the Windsor, John T. Daly owed a large mortgage and substantial constructions debts. When the family whose land the building was located on began foreclosing proceedings, the owner hanged himself. During the 1880s and 1890s the hotel became a popular location for political, financial, and diplomatic wheeling and dealing. On St. Patrick's Day, 1899, as thousands of revelers streamed by the hotel for the annual parade, a guest on a top floor lit a cigar and did not proper extinguish the match. It ignited a curtain and the cigar smoker exited the building without notifying anyone. The fire spread extremely fast and soon the entire building was engulfed. Despite their best effort to rescue patrons, the firefighters were pushed back by the heat and were forced to watch as people jumped from windows to escape the flames. Some firefighters arrived in their dress blues directly from the parade route. They attempted to keep the fire from spreading to nearby buildings by hosing them down, to some small success. The building was largely collapsed by 4:30pm, just an hour after the blaze started. The still burning ruins took days to cool down enough for a thorough search of the building. In the end more than 90 people were killed.

Seventh Avenue facade of Louis Martin's, ca. 1912.

Residence of Mr. Blakely Hall, 1896. Blakely Hall was a reporter who wrote for the New York Sun. Of his most notable projects is his chronicling of Evander Berry Wall, the proclaimed "King of Dudes." Wall was an extravagant dresser who owned around 500 complete outfits that earned him the title of a "dude." In the late 19th century, "dude" referred to "a man extremely fastidious in dress and manner," similar to the word "dandy." Wall embraced this term and made it his mission to become the "King of Dudes." Hall awarded Wall the title of "King of Dudes" during the Blizzard of 1888 when he walked into a bar wearing thigh-high patent leather boots. From then on, Hall made it his weekly practice to publish articles concerning Wall's outings and adventures.

Police Sergeant Jim Churchill was just a regular working cop at the turn of the century. After 20 years on the force, he was named an acting captain of a precinct in the Bowery in 1901. That position was short-lived as he was soon dismissed for "neglect of duty." Supposedly Churchill didn't work hard enough to close down illegal businesses in his neighborhood, including brothels and bars that served alcohol unlawfully on Sundays. In an ironic twist, after being fired for not closing more bars, Churchill opened his own! The bar and eatery at 1420 Broadway between 39th and 40th Street was a rousing success! He moved into a large space (seen here) at 46th Street and Broadway in 1906 where he could seat more than 350 patrons. After one more move to a brand new three-story terra cotta and brick building at 49th Street, Churchhill's grew to be world famous. Closed with the financial ruination of Prohibition, the final location of Churchill's became a Chinese restaurant before being demolished in 1937.

Hammerstein's Victoria Theater, 1899. Oscar Hammerstein's comeback to the theater world was named "The Victoria," because: "I have been victorious over mine enemies, those bloodsuckers at New York Life!" The insurance company had previously shuttered his Olympia Theater complex and two Harlem opera houses. Somehow, Hammerstein convinced the owner of the lot at 42nd Street and 7th Avenue to lease the land to him with no down payment. Over a year, Hammerstein constructed The Victoria: resourcefully utilizing bricks and wood from the demolished livery. The carpet was salvaged from an ocean liner. In 1899, The Victoria opened as a 1,350 seat house - the seats being, of course, secondhand. The theater boasted variety acts, particularly vaudeville and musical comedy. The Victoria closed in 1915. It was razed and replaced with the Rialto Theater.

Lower East Side original character actor Sam "Shalom" Jaffe had an acting career that spanned decades, was studded with awards and was throughly unexpected. A City College college graduate who went on to study engineering at Columbia University, Jaffe was headed for industry when his artistic interests grabbed hold. As a child he appeared in Yiddish theatre, and as an adult, The Forward was gifted with his generous appearances on their behalf, such as at The Forward's WEVD radio station studio seen in the archival image above, where he is seen performing before ABC radio microphones.

Woolworth Store at 33 West 42nd Street, ca. 1940. The Humane Society mobile adoption display (or maybe they are just using the cute kitten to ask for donations) sits on the sidewalk on the north side of 42nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The Woolworth Store in the background is in the Aeolian Building at no. 33. The building directly behind the kitten display is the flagship location of Stern's Department Store. These stores made this block a major destination for shoppers, who might have been induced to donate by the cuteness!

500 Fifth Avenue ARCHITECT: Shreve, Lamb & Harmon DATE: 1929-31 STYLE: Art Deco This is a soaring 59-story Art Deco skyscraper, located at the northwest corner of 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue. The building was constructed concurrently with the Empire State Building. Located in two zoning districts with differing setback requirements, it is asymmetrically massed with setbacks at the 18th, 22nd, and 25th stories on Fifth Avenue and a recessed light court beginning at the eighth story and setbacks at the 23rd, 28th, and 34th stories on West 42nd Street. Sheathed in limestone, terra cotta, and buff brick, the facades are enriched with carefully scaled Art Deco motifs, which accentuate the building’s sculptural massing and emphasize its verticality.

Night Scene of R.C.A. Building from 9 Rockefeller Plaza, 1937.

Paramount Building ARCHITECT: Rapp & Rapp DATE: 1926-27 The building’s distinctive massing creates a striking pyramidal silhouette which is further enhanced at the upper stories by overscaled consoles, four clock faces recalling the Paramount trademark and a crowning glass globe. Designed by the Chicago-based firm of Rapp & Rapp, who were among the best-known and most prolific designers of elaborate movie theaters in this country in the 1920s, it served as the Eastern headquarters for the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation, forerunner of Paramount Pictures, whose entrepreneurial founders played a major role in promoting the revolutionary motion picture medium.

"White Wings" on Parade, ca. 1896. Pictured here are the White Wings: a brigade of street cleaners who were established by Street Commissioner Colonel George E. Waring Jr. in 1895. Waring treated the sanitation department as an army, mandating his workers to wear all white uniforms and caps. He believed that their white attire portrayed a sense of cleanliness, as much as they helped keep workers conspicuous while on the job, discouraging slacking off at the local saloon. These "White Wings" kept streets cleaner than at any previous time in the city's history. Regulation whites remained in effect until the 1930s (when someone finally decided that whites were not appropriate for street sweeping).

Criterion Theatre, ca. 1925. The Criterion Theatre, originally known as the Lyric, opened in 1895 as part of Oscar Hammerstein's block-wide entertainment complex called the Olympia. In 1898, Hammerstein was forced by his creditors to sell the Olympia complex in which the components were sold separately. All were demolished, making way for the Criterion Theatre, retail stores, and the International Casino nightclub. B.S. Moss built the Criterion Theatre, though he leased the space to Loew’s for 20 years beginning in 1938. The Criterion Theatre later closed in the spring of 2000 and was renovated to become a massive Toys R Us store, which itself closed in December 2015.

New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation ARCHITECT: Carrère and Hastings DATE: 1898-1911 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The Central Building of the New York Public Library occupies a fabulous site, that has often been referred to as “the crossroads of the world”. This majestic marble building, one of the masterpieces of the Beaux-Arts style of architecture, is a magnificent civic monument and fully justifies the pride of its generation and of ours. It sits regally enthroned on a terraced plateau, displaying urns, fountains, flagpoles, sculpture and ornament. Replete with sparkle and delicacy, it is by night or day a joyous creation. This building comes closer than any other in America to the complete realization of Beaux-Arts design at its best.

In 1911 this stately row of buildings included the original building of the Church of the Holy Rest. Established in 1865 by Civil War veterans, as a memorial to those who had died during the war, construction on the church building at 551 5th Avenue began in 1868 (when the neighborhood was very much residential). The structure was grand with a large rose window fronting 5th Avenue and a tall mansard roof with decorative metal work at the top. The church was very involved with the local community, opening up a soup kitchen for the poor as early as 1890. By the 1920s, commercial enterprise had taken over the neighborhood, and newer nearby churches competed for parishioners. In 1924, the pastor negotiated the purchase of land uptown across the street from the Carnegie Mansion (now the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum), and the Church of Heavenly Rest moved into a new building complete in 1929.

David Carey was a prolific Jewish actor in the Yiddish Theater.

Goelet Building ARCHITECT: Victor L. S. Hafner; Edward Hall Faile DATE: 1930-32 STYLE: Art Deco The ten-story Goelet Building at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 49th Street, built in 1930-32, was designed by Victor L. S. Hafner in the Art Deco style but modified to exhibit the supporting skeletal frame devised by the engineering firm of E. H. Faile. The spare horizontality of the lower stories’ glazed curtain walls suggests that, stylistically, this building is a transitional monument between the Art Deco and the International style.

The four corners of the flagpole seem to symbolize the virtues of the western world before the onset of World War I, but in fact the totems north and south of the library facade were installed at the eve of World War II, when they may have seemed as both hallowed and dated as today, yet remain the type of ideas that sent explorers cleaving the waves of the Atlantic to colonize lands where civilizations of peoples had inhabited for thousands of years: “Conquest,” represented by a sword; “Discovery,” represented by a globe; “Adventure,” by the ship Argo; and “Civilization,” by a topless female holding a book. The whole structure rests on the backs of four turtles, which reference creation myths of the Lenni Lenape, who dwelled in Manhattan long long long before Director-General Peter Syuyvesant, or his successor, Rudolph Giuliani.

New York Yacht Club ca. 1970 A fanciful version of Beaux Arts architecture, the main facade introduces, between columns, a series of bay windows in the form of sixteenth-century galleon sterns. The pergola which once graced the third floor contributed a further air of lightness and gaiety to this club designed by Warren & Wetmore.

New York Times Annex ca. 1924 Until 1997, the New York Times was headquartered and printed its papers in a curious châteauesque structure at 229 West 43rd Street, a block from the 1904 skyscraper that gave its name to Times Square. The Annex Building took shape in three major stages of construction from 1913 to 1924. The first section was an 11-story structure at the east end of the site designed by Buchman & Fox that was engineered to anticipate upward expansion. The dignified design of limestone and terra cotta presented the appearance of a university club, but the interior was laid out as a true vertical factory that the Times proclaimed "the greatest and completest newspaper workshop in the world." The need for more space came rapidly. With daily circulation reaching 313,000 copies by 1921, the Times sought to double the plant's printing capacity. In 1922, architects Ludlow & Peabody designed a 100-foot extension on the west side-an 11-story addition on the west, a four-story "attic," and seven-story setback tower rising above the whole in the style of the French Renaissance, which like the Times Tower was ornamented with lavish confections of cream-colored glazed terra cotta. Like the first section of the Annex, the interior was carefully designed and engineered as a purpose-built factory that produced a continuous daily flow of news and newspapers. Every floor was occupied by the functions of the paper. In 1932, Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn added another west wing, and additions in 1947 by Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon that extended the Annex to 44th Street and expanded the overall building size by 61 percent. While many other newspapers moved printing operations to areas with cheaper rents, the Times continued publishing from the Annex until 1997, when they relocated their printing to a new plant in College Point, Queens. Today the 52-story New York Times Building on Eighth Avenue and 41st Street, designed by the Renzo Piano Building Workshop with FXFowle, completed in 2009, only houses the paper's white-collar workforce.

"The Busiest Restaurant on the World's Busiest Corner." Toffenetti's was opened in 1940, by Italian immigrant Dario Toffenetti. Restaurant mogul had first encountered success in the Midwest, where he opened six restaurants on the Chicago Loop. He opened a seventh temporary location at the 1939 New York World's Fair before establishing a brick and mortar restaurant in Midtown. He purchased a valuable lot in Times Square and commissioned building designed by Walker & Gillette clad in sleek glass, with an escalator, stainless steel kitchen, lavish washrooms, phone booths with air conditioning, and walls covered in surrealist murals by Hugh Troy. Patrons would never guess that Toffenetti found his humble beginning selling baked potatoes in Wisconsin. His 1,000 seat restaurant describes their menu item not as mere potatoes, but "Idaho Potatoes," "bulging beauties, grown in the ashes of extinct volcanoes, scrubbed and washed, then baked in a whirlwind of tempestuous fire until the shell crackles with brittleness." His canny marketing was all the range at the time, and other snippets from his menu included: "Sugar Cured Ham - These hams are cut from healthy young hogs grown in the sunshine on beautifully rolling Wisconsin farms where corn, barley, milk, and acorns are unstintingly fed to them, producing that silken meat so rich in wonderful flavor," and "Spaghetti - one hundred yards of happiness." On the back of the menu, an illustration of Toffenetti - bald head and all, with the motto: "Your satisfaction is our constant inspiration." Toffenetti's served the world's busiest corner 24-hours a day until 1968. The building was demolished in the 1990s to make way for 4 Times Square.

One Times Square, ca. 1908. The building at the center of the image is the Times Tower, built between 1903-1905 for the New York Times. It was designed by the firm of Eidlitz & MacKenzie in a narrow triangular shape and clad in an intricate granite and terra-cotta facade. On New Year's Eve in 1903 Adolf Ochs, the Times' owner, celebrated the evening and made a show of the new building by setting off fireworks from the roof. This continued yearly until 1907 when Ochs changed the midnight event into the dropping of an illuminated ball from the building's flagpole. The Times moved out in 1913 and the building was purchased in 1963 by Allied Chemicals which drastically altered the facade, replacing the granite and terra cotta with marble facing. Over the next four decades the building changed hands a number of times. in 1975 it was further altered by architectural firm Gwathmey Siegel. Since 1995 (when it was purchased by Lehman Brothers) the building has been empty of tenants, except for ground level commercial spaces. The building has been used exclusively as an advertising location and for the yearly New Years activities. It is one of the two most valuable public advertising space in the world (the other being Piccadilly Circus in London).

Knickerbocker Hotel ARCHITECT: Marvin & Davis; Bruce Price DATE: 1901-06 STYLE: Beaux-Arts, French Renaissance The Knickerbocker Hotel is one of the very few grand hotels in the Beaux-Arts style surviving in the Times Square area. The building was financed by John Jacob Astor, the fourth namesake of the patriarch of one of America’s richest families. It is executed in red brick, richly ornamented with French Renaissance detail, and crowned by a prominent copper mansard roof with corner pavilions and cresting.

Public School 67 ARCHITECT: C. B. J. Snyder DATE: 1893-94 STYLE: Romanesque Revival The High School of the Performing Arts, formerly Public School 67, is a handsome Romanesque Revival style building originally built to serve a large residential community on the west side of Manhattan. The school is the first known to have been designed by C.B.J. Snyder, Superintendent of School Buildings to the Board of Education for thirty years.

Harvard Club of New York ARCHITECT: McKim Mead & White; Charles F. McKim DATE: 1893-94 The charm of this building lies in its red brick with limestone trim and in its intimate scale, the delicate refinement of its handsome detail, and the pleasing harmony of its well related architectural components. The front elevation consists of a handsome motif, where the main entrance doorway at street level is surmounted by a central round-headed window, flanked by two pairs of limestone Ionic columns which rest on the second-floor ledge and support the delicately refined third-floor cornice. Directly above this and centered between two windows is the handsomely carved shield of Harvard University.

May 3rd, 1913 On May 3rd, 1913, marchers arranged themselves, as the New York Times described, "In straight and graceful lines which were brightened with resplendent decorations, passed in attractive and impressive dignity up Fifth Avenue...it was the greatest spectacular triumph ever won by women in this country in their pursuit of the ballot." Inspired by a massive suffrage march in Washington D.C. in March of the same year, this parade was intended to further press the issue of enfranchisement. The parade's Grand Marshal was Inez MIlholland, a lawyer and suffrage activist, who lead the parade on a white horse. Assembled in formation, the suffragettes maintained strict order during the march, the participants were ordered to keep: "Eyes to front. Heads Erect. Shoulders back. Dignity and Silence." Beginning in Washington Square Park, the marchers proceeded in unseasonable heat (almost 87 degrees.) Following disruptions of previous parades by "Antis" (people opposed to Women's suffrage), the 1913 parade had widespread police protection to prevent the harassment of marchers. Counter-protesters mixed with the thousands of spectators, but it was noted that there was no significant disruption. Banners and signs were common throughout the parade, the New York Times noting that there was more "punch in them than usual. A selection included: "More Ballots: Less Bullets." "Politics Govern Even the Purity of the Milk Supply. It is Not "Outside the Home." But Inside the Baby." "To Create Sex Antagonism Is an Unwise Precedent." "Let the People Rule; Women are People." and notably "Hasn't Your Wife Brains Enough to Vote?" "No Government Ever Yielded a Right Unless Bullied into It." While the "Antis" and the New York Times (based on the Anti's count) tallied the parade at 9,613, however, other sources put it at 30,000. Suffrage groups from across the United States joined the parade as well as groups from abroad such as Sweden and England. Parades like this were vital for pushing the conversation on women's rights forward.

Delmonico's Restaurant, ca. 1898. Perhaps more than any other establishment, Delmonico's restaurant epitomized the Gilded Age. IT was the premiere public place for the elite to dine and hold lavish affairs, and it set trends in dining and entertaining that people across the country- and even the world- spired to. Upper and middle-class women read about the restaurant's linens, oysters spoons and flower arrangements for ideas on how to set their own tables. And silver purveyors like Reed and Barton clamored to sell the restaurant their place settings so customers would buy them. The original owners, brothers Peter and John Delmonico, started out in 1827 with a shop at 23 William Street that served cakes, ices, and fine wines. By the 1830s, they had created the "restaurant" as we know it today. Before Delmonico's, men went to restaurants to eat, not dine. They visited sparse rooms where employees ran back and forth between the kitchen and the tables to serve from a handful of dishes that were written on a big board. By contrast, Delmonico's offered an elaborate printed menu of French and Italian dishes in an opulent setting with waiters who catered to patrons' every need. Like other restaurants and hotels in the 1880s, Delmonico's opened a midtown location- the one you're stopped at-to be closer to the city's nightlife and its patrons. Now diners could walk just a few blocks for a meal after an evening at the Metropolitan Opera. In 1923, the combination of high rents and prohibition caused Delmonico's to close. Though the current Delmonico's downtown is under new management, you can still order two of the original's signature dishes- Egg's Benedict and Chicken a la Keene.

Yale Club of New York City Building ARCHITECT: Tracy & Swartwout DATE: 1900-01 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The former Yale Club of New York City Building is located along “Clubhouse Row,” West 44th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. Its neighbors including the Harvard Club, New York Yacht Club, Association of the Bar of the City of New York, and former City Club. This Beaux-Arts style building, constructed in 1900-01 by builder Marc Eidlitz & Son, was designed by Evarts Tracy & Egerton Swartwout, both Yale University graduates, Yale Club members, and former employees of McKim, Mead & White

Since arriving on these shores, dogs have made New York City their home. Here are some of our favorite photos from our partners' collections of New York dogs in their natural habitat!

1450 Broadway ca. 1936 Garment lofts had to be flexible with floors easily subdivided, because space was leased to multiple businesses. Ely Jacques Kahn designed the 43-story Continental Building at the northern end of the Garment District in 1930. In 1931, he divided floors for the new tenants. On the 19th floor, four garment-related firms had their offices, while only one occupied the 25th floor, with its offices and two showrooms. Sign boards at the entries to factory lofts such as the Kaufman Building often listed the names of the multiple tenants renting space.

Windsor Hotel, ca. 1885. The Windsor Hotel, which occupied the entire blockfront on the east side of Fifth Avenue between 46th and 47th Streets, was hotel for a new kind of neighborhood. Construction on the seven-story hotel began in 1871, the same year the Grand Central Depot opened a few blocks away. The lots on Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and 50th Street (where St. Patrick's Cathedral would rise in 1878) were being transformed from simple wood-frame structures, open spaces, and natural features like ponds, into a neighborhood of wealthy residents. When the hotel opened in 1873, it catered to this affluent sect. It was referred to in a late 19th century book as “at that time, the most luxurious and aristocratic hostelry in New York.”

Knox Building, 1944. Designed by architect John H. Duncan, who also created the Grand Army Plaza Memorial Arch and the General Grant National Memorial, the Knox Building was constructed in 1901 and 1902. The 10-story Beaux-Arts structure was the headquarters for the Knox Hat Company (founded in 1838). The Beaux-Arts style for a commercial building was unique even in a city dotted by buildings of this style, most of which were residences, hotels, and civic buildings. In 1965 the building became the headquarters for the Republic National Bank and in 1985 work was undertaken to construct a 29-story L-shaped tower that hugged the 1902 building. The new construction unfortunately meant the demise of the neighboring Art Deco Kress building. Today the Knox mansard remains a striking visual on the corner, with the HSBC Tower as its modern backdrop.

The physical likeness of the statue of Beauty atop the fountain just south of the entrance steps to the library is the model Audrey Munson, whose countenance and contours have provided the personification of Civic Fame above the Municipal Building; the figure of Abundance as goddess Pomona outside the Plaza Hotel; and “Columbia Triumphant” at the USS Maine Monument for the bombed ship that ushered the US into the Spanish-American War. After a suicide attempt and failing mental health, brought upon by pressure from family and the media, Audrey was checked into an upstate asylum in 1931, where she died over 60 years later at age 104.

592 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1975. In 1964 the building as drastically altered. Additonal stories were added and the facade was reclad with a white marble broken up by uniform elongated, tinted oval windows. Architectural firm Hausman & Rosenberg created this sleek modern look. In early 2017 the building's owner and primary tenent, United Overseas Bank, unveiled plans for another reclading of this building, this time (unsurprisingly) in metal and glass.

New York Yacht Club Building ARCHITECT: Warren & Wetmore DATE: 1899-1900 STYLE: Neo-Grec The New York Yacht Club Building is a brilliant synthesis of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts’ tenets of character and composition. It was the first commission of the architectural firm of Warren & Wetmore and helped to establish their reputation. The building’s facade was influenced by the Ecole’s highly expressive neo-Grec movement which established the role of character as one of the school’s two primary design tenets. Among the facade’s notable characteristics are its carefully executed asymmetrical composition, its clear expression of the interior plan and its daring use of nautical symbols.

Hotel Langwell, 1922. Designed by George Keister in 1893, the first name of this hotel on 44th Street was the Hotel Gerard. Built in a Romanesque Revival style with touches of German Gothic and Renaissance details, it was opened as a short- and long-term residence for the wealthy visitors to the growing theatre district, political dignitaries, and foreign travelers. The high-peaked hotel stood tall over its largely low-rise neighborhood of the 1890s. It became the Hotel Langwell by 1920 and the once luxury building had deteriorated into what the New York Times called a "disorderly house," a polite phrase for something likely much more seedy. Foreclosed on, sold, and renamed a number of times between 1934 and the 1950s, by the 1970s it was a cheap welfare hotel. It fit in well among the other SROs and cheap thrills of hard-hit and economically depressed Times Square. It was during this time (1982) that the building was named an individual landmark. By the 1990s the neighborhood was beginning its renaissance. This 1893 building was finally emerged for its new beginning after a substantial renovation in 2007 and opened as the high-end residential hotel, AKA Times Square.

Originally known as Long Acre (also Longacre) Square after London’s carriage district, Times Square served as the early site for William H. Vanderbilt’s American Horse Exchange. In the late 1880s, Long Acre Square consisted of a large open space surrounded by drab apartments.

One of the most drastic New York City #transformations of all time! From 20 million gallons of 💧to 1 million 📚

Nicknamed "The Deuce," West 42nd Street between Sixth and Eighth Avenues was once one of the roughest and seediest spots in New York City. Home to dozens of sex-related businesses, from live sex shows and grindhouses, to peep shows and prostitution, the sex industry dominated the bottom of Times Square in the 1970s and 1980s (long after this photograph of the street was captured).

Though today the stretch of Fifth Avenue from 40th to 42nd Street looks onto Bryant Park and the New York Public Library, in the late 18th century, passersby would be met with a vastly different sight: 50 feet high and 25 feet thick granite walls that could hold up to 20,000,000 gallons of water. This was the Croton Distributing Reservoir and served a crucial role in the development of New York City. The concept of a municipal supply of water began after the growing city had been hit by waves of epidemics due to a lack of clean water (which was only accessible by wells or cisterns). The public outcry that followed prompted the military to create the Aqueduct, which started at dams at the Croton River in Westchester and ended at the Reservoir. The Croton Distributing Reservoir allowed New Yorkers the ability to have running water in their homes and served as the predecessor to the tap water available to us today. Outstripped by the growing city, the Croton Distributing Reservoir became obsolete and eventually was torn down. However, photographs of the imposing walls with their Egyptian facade provide a reminder of this essential relic of city infrastructure that occupied four acres of Midtown.

Wendel Mansion, 1934. In the early 20th century one family could lay claim to the title of most powerful landlords in New York City. The Wendel family owned more than 150 properties in Manhattan and had a net worth of what would be billion dollars today. They owned the land under some of Manhattan's most well known buildings, including the Standard Oil Building and the Time-Life Building. Unlike some flashy real estate moguls (of the past and today) the Wendel's were private in their wealth and their lives. The origins of the families money and land holdings dated to John G. Wendel, a German fur trader who arrived in New York at the end of the 18th century and befriended and then married into the Astor family. The grandchildren of the first John Wendel included six sisters and a brother who lived in a mansion on the corner of 39th Street and Fifth Avenue. The home had no electricity and no phone, and the inhabitants wore clothes and lived as though they were still in the 19th century. The brother John was known as "The Hermit of Fifth Avenue,” and tightly controlled his sisters' lives until his death in 1914. The home was constructed around 1856 by the first John Wendel. Sitting on a large corner plot, it had a considerable carriage house and back-yard. The ever-frugal family hung their laundry out to dry in the yard, annoying their neighbors. When the final sister died in 1931 the four-story mansion still had gaslights, an ancient coal stove, and more ancient servants. The large yard, which was then an uncommon open space among the large commercial buildings surrounding it had been used largely as a dog park for the last sister's poodle. The family's fortune was divided among a number of charities and institutions, including Drew University in New Jersey. The Fifth Avenue mansion was given as a bequest to the school. The home was demolished in 1934. Today a bronze plaque with a image of the home and a bit of family history graces the structure built in its place.

We stand alongside the Black community and all those speaking against systemic racism and violence with justice, hope, and truth. The fight for justice is one that we all need to play a role in, whatever form that might be. In our sphere of work, this means doing our part to help make archives more inclusive and equitable to communities that have historically been left out. As a start, this story is dedicated to honoring Black life and legacy in New York. Read on for stories of triumph in injustice.

The Casino Theatre was designed by Francis H. Kimball and Thomas Wisedel in a Gothic style. It was the home of musical comedies and housed the famous Gilbert and Sullivan attractions. The theater fell to the wreckers' ball in 1930.

This slick black tiled Art Moderne storefront housed Kayser Hosiery. From the curved windows to the tiered levels at the top of the storefront and the block typeface, it exudes the style of Streamlined Moderne. Founded in the 1880s producing simple cotton gloves, Kayser grew to manufacture and sell hosiery, lingerie, swimwear, and silk gloves. Their colorful advertisements featured beautiful illustrations of flappers and fashionable women through the decades.

592 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1912. Constructed in 1911 to the designs of famed firm Carrère and Hastings, 592 Fifth Avenue was originally a Beaux Arts style structure. It was built as the headquarters of the Black, Starr & Frost Company, a jewelry firm. Though the building survives today, it has a very different look today.

West 43rd Street facade of the New York City Bar Association, undated photo.

West 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue at the northwest corner, showing Hammerstein's Victoria Theatre, 1904. Oscar Hammerstein I was a late 19th and early 20th-century theatre mogul. Following the financial failure of an early theater nearby, called the Olympia Theatre, Hammerstein quickly rebounded by opening a theatre called the Victoria in 1899. The theatre was built on the site of Gilley Moore’s Market Stables and used the debris of that structure to fill the walls of the new building-- as a cost-saving measure. The theatre also had a popular roof garden called the Paradise Roof Garden, an open-air entertainment venue. Originally a venue for legitimate theatre productions (most of which were not particularly successful), in 1904 Hammerstein turned the place into a vaudeville house (a much more profitable venture). The building was sold in 1915 and demolished. Various theatre buildings were constructed and then razed on this lot over the next few decades. Today the structure at 3 Times Square is an office building known as the Thomson Reuters Building. It is a 32-story glass curtain wall structure completed in 2001.

St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, 1923. The western blockfront of Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets, including private residences and the St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. W. Wheeler Smith’s magnificent Gothic Revival church was built in 1872 for the well-heeled uptown congregation of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, a denomination that had been active in New York since 1628. Smith’s design featured an out-of-scale 265-foot steeple, visible for miles around. The church attracted prominent members, including the Roosevelt family, who occupied pew no. 39. As Midtown development accelerated and skyscrapers encroached on the church and its valuable real estate, the congregation found themselves under increasing pressure to sell. The final service was held in July, 1949. The church was razed later that year, to be replaced by the Sinclair Oil building at 600 Fifth Avenue.

Flag pole base in front of the Main Branch of the New York Public Library, ca 1935. The large Carrere & Hastings Fifth Avenue Branch is flanked by two tall flagpoles. The elaborate bronze bases for the poles were designed by Thomas Hastings and are decorated with allegorical and symbolic figures, in the same ornate Beaux Arts style of the library itself. The figures depicted (including people, turtles and owls) represent various human races as well as themes and actions such as Discovery, Conquest, Civilization, Adventure and Wisdom. The bases were created by Menconi brothers (Italian immigrant sculptors) in plaster from drawings by Hastings and the piece was cast in the Tiffany Studios in Queens. The bases were installed in 1912.

Lyceum Theatre, 1977. The Lyceum Theatre is one of Broadway's longest continuously-operating venues. The Beaux-Arts theater, designed by Herts & Tallant, opened in November 1902 with a performance of The Proud Prince. In Edmund Vincent Gillon's 1977 photo, the marquee advertises "Your Arms Too Short to Box with God," a musical interpretation of the Book of Matthew for which Delores Hall won a Best Actress Tony.

Lamp Cleaner on the corner of 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue, 1940. This cast iron, twin lamp post seen being worked on here was one of the original 1892-installed ornamental posts on Fifth Avenue between Washington Square and 59th Street, the first large-scale installation of decorative electric lighting in the city. The New York Times said this about the lamp posts: "Fifth Avenue is to be lighted with handsome electric lamps.... The Edison Illuminating Company will furnish the light on an improved system, consisting of a new style of arc lights used on a low-tension circuit....Fifty cast-iron poles, 20 feet in height, and each carrying two electric lamps of about 1,000 candle power...will be ornamental in character, as will also the lamps, which will have artistic ground-glass globes and brass trimmings....The avenue is likely to present a very brilliant spectacle, as there will be 100 lights." Though impressive they must not have provided enough light, because less than one year later 50 more posts were added to the mid blocks.Today this location has a contemporary post, but in 1997 more than 60 historic lamp posts of various sizes and shapes were landmarked. (About 100 historic lamp posts survive, but the balance not landmarked in 1997 are either within historic districts or on individually landmarked property.) The building seen in the background is 500 Fifth Avenue, the 1931 Shreve, Lamb & Harmon Art Deco skyscraper.

Between 1899 and 2002, the northwest corner o Seventh and 42nd Street was occupied by a theatre (with various reputable and less reputable productions). First, Oscar Hammerstein's massive Victoria Theatre presented legitimate theatre before turning—very successfully— to vaudeville. That theatre closed and was demolished in 1915. In 1916 a new theatre building on the site opened. The Rialto sat 1,960 patrons. The venue was exclusively a motion picture house, becoming one of midtown's best-known movie palaces. Paramount sold the building in 1935, and the new owners razed the venue. In its place, a new building with stores, offices, and a smaller theatre, also called the Rialto, rose. That theatre showed films but by the 1970s was screening movies of an adult nature. The period of mature movies was shortlived, and the theatre returned to live performances once again in 1980, also acting as host to a TV studio. Finally, in 2002 the 1935 building with the small theatre was demolished, and a large office building was erected in its place.

Built in 1882, the Casino Theatre signaled a number of firsts for New York's theaters. Since the days of the Astor Place riots, New Yorkers had proved themselves voracious theater fans, and the Casino Theatre, and others like it represented the next step in forming the theater district that would make Broadway famous.

Temple Emanu-El was established in 1845 as New York City’s first Reform congregation. 33 members met in a loft at the intersection of Clinton and Grand Streets on Manhattan’s Lower East Side. As the congregation grew, Emanu-El moved further and further uptown. In 1854, it moved to its third location at 110 East 12th Street, which later housed St. Ann’s Roman Catholic Church

Century Club, ca. 1905-1920. The Century Association (also called the Century Club) is a private social club established in 1847 as a community to promote interest in the fine arts and literature. The club evolved from the Sketch Club, founded in 1829 by editor and poet William Cullen Bryant. The first permanent headquarters for the club was purchased in 1857. The townhouse at 42 East 15th Street (later nos. 109-111) was home to the organization's activities through 1891 when they moved to a new McKim, Mead and White-designed building on 43rd Street. Rendered in a formal Italian Renaissance Revival style, the structure has remained the headquarters for the secretive club since then. Particular architectural features of note include the massive arched entrance, the wreathed round windows at the third-floor level, and the ornate cornice. The 1967 LPC designation report for the building states, " The roster of Centurions reads like the "Who's Who" of American Arts and Letters." Members of the club have included its architect Stanford White, painter Winslow Homer, Louis Comfort Tiffany, and FDR. The club began admitting women in the late 1980s after a prolonged legal battle. Today the club has a membership of around 2500 people, including former Mayor Bloomberg, documentarian Ric Burns, author Robert Caro, and any number of unknown lawyers, doctors, and business people.

New York Hippodrome ca. 1910 Occupying an entire block on 6th Avenue, with a seating capacity of 5200, the Hippodrome (which opened in 1905) was outfitted on a grand scale. The stage was 200 feet wide and 100 feet deep (large enough for the jai-alai exhibition games played there). It had an 60-foot apron which could be filled with water for aquatic productions. Behind the scenes, hydraulic machines raised and lowered the stage, and an indoor stable housed horses and elephants for circus productions. Such spectacles were so expensive to produce that the theater failed financially and closed in the late 1930s.

Hotel Algonquin, ca. 1907. Completed in 1902, the Hotel Algonquin is perhaps better known for its guests than its building (though its Beaux Arts design with neo-Renasaiance details, created by Goldwin Starrett, is quite lovely). Originally conceived as a residential hotel (for all intents, an apartment building) called the "Puritan," the owners decided to offer short term stays instead. They were also convinced by the hotel's manager (later owner) Frank Case to change the name to the Algonquin. It was in the main dining room here, in the years after World War I, that a group of journalists, authors, publicists and actors began meeting daily for lunch. Referred to as the Algonquin Round Table or the Vicious Circle, the daily exchange of conversation and ideas included core members Dorothy Parker, Robert Benchley, and Robert E. Sherwood, all of whom wrote for Vanity Fair. Meeting daily for the better part of a decade, the salon inspired literary styles and up and coming writers, and resulted in the founding of The New Yorker magazine. Today the historic hotel remains open and it still the home of a hotel cat, a tradition started by manager-owner Frank Case. The current hotel cat is a Ragdoll named Hamlet, for former resident John Barrymore's greatest stage role.

Ritz-Carlton Hotel, ca. 1910. The first of what would eventually become a chain of hotels, the original Ritz-Carlton opened on Madison Avenue in 1911. Designed by Warren \&Wetmore, architects of the new Grand Central Terminal. The ambiance, service, and gathering spaces were considered some of the city's most spectacular. Other Ritz-Carlton Hotels opened all over the country and world (including Philadelphia, Atlantic City, Boston, Madrid, and Paris) over the next two decades. The hotel's dinning room was the first place that women were permitted to smoke in public and supposedly the French chef at the Ritz invented (or re-invented) Vichyssoise. In 1951 the hotel closed and was quickly razed, prompting a sad, nostalgic article in the New York Times that enumerated all of the famous old hotels that had also been lost.

American Radiator Building (at right), December 5, 1938 Designed by Raymond Hood, the American Radiator Building is a striking scene at the mid block of 40th Street. Rendered in black and gold, the 23-story building is largely a free-standing tower. While the bronze and marble entry and ornamentation is neo-Gothic in style, the sleek lines of the building nod towards an Art Deco style, which would not truly come into vogue for a few more years. Hood also included in the design purposeful uplighting for the top of the building, making it the first New York skyscraper with dramatic exterior lighting. (Its nighttime look is immortalized in Georgia O'Keeffe's 1927 “Radiator Building at Night - New York.”) Hood, who for some time in the early 1920s designed radiator covers for the American Radiator Company, would complete this headquarters for the company in 1924. The building remained headquarters for that American Radiator for 65 years (even after a name change to American Standard Company in 1967). Purchased by a Japanese firm in 1988, they intended to convert the building to a hotel. A decade and new owner later, the black and gold skyscraper was converted into The Bryant Park Hotel.

American Radiator Building ARCHITECT: Raymond Hood DATE: 1923-24 STYLE: Art Deco The American Radiator Building, a striking twenty-three story black and gold tower, is one of the finest and most significant skyscrapers in Manhattan. Designed by Raymond M. Hood and built in 1923-24, the American Radiator Building initiated a new trend in skyscraper design in New York City with its bold cubic massing of forms often associated with the Art Deco style and its freedom from the Beaux-Arts classical details that had previously encumbered New York City skyscrapers.

Knox Building ARCHITECT: John H. Duncan DATE: 1901-02 STYLE: Beaux-Arts The Knox Building is one of the finest Beaux-Arts style commercial buildings in New York City. It was designed by the notable New York City architect John H. Duncan who had achieved his reputation with his designs for the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch and Grant’s Tomb. This favored motifs as full facade rustication, large scale ornament, and a two-story mansard roof are carried over from Duncan’s residential designs and here skillfully transmuted to a large commercial building.

New York Public Library This building probably comes nearer than any other in America to the complete realization of Beaux Arts design at its best. Replete with sparkle and delicacy, with its urns, fountains, sculpture, and ornament, it is by night or day a joyous creation. Unlike the legion of heavy Classical buildings that invaded the country after the World's Columbian Exposition, it has somehow managed to keep the light, airy quality which so often is seen only in architectural drawings, so rarely achieved in execution.

Beloved Academy Award winning German-Jewish actor Luise Rainer, arrived in America in 1935, as fascism continued to seduce Europe. In December 1940, a mere five years after arriving, having already won 2 Oscars two years in a row, and with America still sitting it out, and the war in Europe headlining the news, Rainer guest starred at The Forward's radio station WEVD, "Salute To America" program highlighting American democracy.

Bryant Park Studios ARCHITECT: Architect: Charles A. Rich DATE: 1900-01 STYLE: French Beaux-Arts The Bryant Park Studios constructed in 1900-01, is one of the earliest buildings in New York specifically designed to house artists’ studios. The building’s location across from Bryant Park and its generous windows with northern exposures make it aptly suited for this purpose. Designed by the prominent architect Charles A. Rich, the elegant building displays a complex program of ornamentation in an elaborate French Beaux Arts style. It was also known as the Beaux Arts Building and was commissioned by portraitist A. A. Anderson, an artist with French training and experience, who sought to address the shortage of appropriate artists’ working spaces in the city. Above the retail stores at the street level, prominent design features of the building include: rusticated terra-cotta, terra-cotta and brick banding, dramatic, multi-story stone window enframements with pediments or delicate metal-railed balconies highlighting the studio windows which themselves are elegantly proportioned and divided, and prominent cornices.

Time and Life Building, undated postcard. Opened in the spring of 1937, 9 Rockefeller Plaza (now called 1 Rockefeller Plaza) is a 36-story skyscraper. Completed in 114 work days, a month ahead of schedule, it was the eleventh building in the Rockefeller Center complex. The Art Deco office building was designed by Rockefeller Center's associated architects, led by L. Andrew Reinhard and Wallace Harrison. Early tenants of the building included the Girl Scouts, a number of advertising agencies and publishing houses, and the Museum of Modern Art (who stayed until their new building was completed 1939). The largest tenant, who moved in a year after the building opened, was Time, Inc, the publisher of Time Magazine, Life, and Architectural Forum, among others. This tenant gave the building its name; it was the original Time-Life Building (today the 1957-completed building at 1271 Sixth Avenue is the Time-Life Building).

Main Branch, NYPL Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street (Carrère & Hastings, 1901-11, master plan and restoration: Davis Brody Bond, 1980-2000; South Court addition: Davis Brody Bond, 2000-02; Children’s Center at 42nd Street: Gensler Architects, 2008) NYC IL, NYC INL, NHL The NYPL’s Main Branch is one of the city’s most important civic monuments and most impressive works of architecture. Along with Bryant Park, it is located on the site of the old Croton Distributing Reservoir, once the city’s main source of fresh water. The reservoir’s 50-foot high, 25-foot thick walls were demolished in the 1890s, just as plans were underway for a new central library. Some of the reservoir’s foundations can still be found in the library’s South Court. In 2000-02, a new wing was added to this part of the building and the architects intentionally exposed the foundation wall as a record of the site’s history. Situated on the eastern end of two city blocks, the library’s marble façades and lavish interiors are a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style. The firm of Carrère & Hastings, fairly unknown at the time, was chosen to design the building. Their success led to commissions for 14 Carnegie-funded branches across the city, more than any other firm. The building’s front is set back from Fifth Avenue by a grand staircase and terrace that give the façade added grandeur and perspective. The terrace’s two famous lion statues were sculpted by Edward Clark Potter and were originally named “Leo Astor” and “Leo Lenox” after the library’s founders. During the Great Depression, Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia nicknamed them “Patience” and “Fortitude.” The main entrance is housed within a triple-arched portico supported by coupled Corinthian columns. The rear, or west façade, expresses and honors the function of the building. Its series of full-height, vertical rows of windows both represent and give light to the seven floors of book stacks within. The steel stacks once held 88 miles of books, which have since been moved offsite. However, the stacks also function as structural support for the building, providing a powerful symbolism to the building’s construction. On all four façades, pedimented pavilions lend visual interest and elegance. When it was completed in 1911, the library bore the distinction of being the largest marble structure in the United States. Formerly known as the Humanities and Social Sciences Library and the Center for Humanities, the building was renamed the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building in 2008 to honor a major gift to the institution. The library functions as a reference, rather than a circulating library, and, as such, includes magnificent interior reading rooms, including the Rose Main Reading Room. This grand space, with arched windows and a fresco ceiling, is one of the most revered interior public spaces in Manhattan. In the 1980s, the institution undertook a major restoration of many of the library’s interior spaces and added two levels of stacks beneath Bryant Park. At that time, the library collection had outgrown the building, necessitating the park’s excavation.

Century Association ca. 1975 Despite its rather fussy detail, the main massing of this facade, with its once deeply recessed Palladian arched loggia, is extremely masterful and teaches a lesson in the successful combination of elements. McKim, Mead & White designed this building when the Club moved from East 15th Street; they achieved great elegance in its sumptuous interiors..

Grand Central Eagle, ca. 1966. The current Grand Central Terminal was preceded by two other train stations: Grand Central Depot (1871) and Grand Central Station (1901). Grand Central Station, which was not so much a new building as the renovation and expansion of the earlier Depot, was the shortest-lived of the iterations. Completed between 1898 and1901, it stood for less than a decade, replaced by the Beaux Arts icon in 1913. A feature of Grand Central Station still lives though. Adorning its four towers were larger-than-life cast iron eagles. As Grand Central Station was being demolished, a number of them were removed and sold or auctioned off. One is seen here in Mount Vernon, New York in 1966. In 1999 the first of the eagles returned to the Terminal and was installed at the Lexington Avenue entrance to the Grand Central Market at 43rd Street. Two years later, a second eagle, rescued from a monastery in Garrison, New York, was installed here at the Terminal entrance at Vanderbilt and 42nd Street.

Heckscher Building, 1916. August Heckscher, a German-born real estate developer, built this Madison Avenue skyscraper in 1916. Though it was constructed before the 1916 Zoning Resolution codifying setback requirements for skyscrapers, the Heckscher Building, designed by Jardine, Hill & Murdock, featured a five-story base, with a setback 27-story tower above. However, as reported by Christopher Gray in a 2002 Streetscapes column, Heckscher’s then-unique design had more to do with the peculiarities of lease terms for some of the assembled Madison Avenue plots. Be that as it may, the Heckscher building now stands among a thicket of Midtown skyscrapers, each with its own creative response to the 1916 regulation preserving light and open space.

Hotel Manhattan, 1922. The Hotel Manhattan was a 16-story structure completed in 1896 to the designs of Henry Janeway Hardenbergh. At 250 feet tall, it was once (likely briefly) the tallest hotel structure in the world. It was crowned by a stately mansard roof. The hotel was demolished in 1961 and replaced in 1963 by a Kahn & Jacobs-designed glass tower.

Aeolian Building, 1920. The 18-story building, completed in 1912, boasted a third floor concert hall which hosted performances by many leading musicians of the day — including the 1924 debut of George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue.”

Samuel Longley Bickford began a career in restaurants just after the turn of the century, but it was not until 1921 that he established his eponymous restaurant chain.

I'm Picketing Your Heart for the Humane Society, ca. 1940.

475 Fifth Avenue (at left), ca. 1975. Built in 1926 for the Farmers' Loan and Trust, 475 Fifth Avenue was designed by Starrett & Van Vleck, who built in the Italian Romanesque Style.

American Radiator Building ca. 1978 One of the greatest problems that confronted our architects was how best to express skyscraper construction. Here there was no precedent, so that many interesting experiments were made, among which this was one one of the most notable. Raymond Hood, using a theme of black and gold, achieved the "new look" for the 1920s; and, although the setbacks above seem to us needlessly agitated, the general effect was original and fairly expressive of the underlying structure. The small, sculptured corbels just above street level are interesting as ornament although by no means original.

44th Street Theatre, date unknown. Originally opened by the Shuberts in 1912 as the Weber and Fields' Music Hall, three years later the comedy due left the space and it was converted into a legitimate Broadway theatre. The theatre, after 1915 called the 44th Street Theatre, was designed by William A. Swansea. The building included a roof top theatre, known by 1918 as the Nora Bayes Theatre, named for a vaudeville performer credited with "Shine on, Harvest Moon." The rooftop venue presented Federal Theatre Project shows in the 1930s, as well as marionette, amateur theatre, and dance companies, while the nightclub in the basement was likely a speakeasy in the Prohibition era. By 1940 the building was owned by the Times Corporation and leased by the Shuberts. In 1942 the nightclub became the Stage Door Canteen, a popular hot spot for American and Allied servicemen. The Shubert Organization lost its lease in 1945 and the building was soon-after demolished.

The Empire Theatre was built by Al Hayman and Frank W. Sanger for Charles Frogman, the architects were John B. McElfatrick and Son. Opening on January 25, 1893, the Empire remained one of New York's favorite theaters until the final performance on May 30, 1953, of The Time of the Cuckoo. An office building was alter erected on this site.

Lefcourt-Manhattan Building, 1928. The Lefcourt-Manhattan Building is one of four office buildings that Garment District developer Abraham E. Lefcourt erected on Broadway. Despite a sharp decline in clothing manufacturing in Manhattan in the late 1920s, Lefcourt's building demonstrated that there was still demand for high-class showrooms and loft space in the city. The structure, which stood on the site of the old Polter Building and Harrigan Theatre, was 90% leased before it was even ready occupancy.

C.K.G. Billings "Horseback" Dinner at the Sherry Hotel, March 28, 1903.

Town Hall, date unknown. The McKim, Mead & White-designed Town Hall was commissioned by the League for Political Education, a woman's suffrage organization. The building, completed in 1921, was designed as a democratic meeting space, where people of all rank and background could be educated on the political and social issues of the day. As part of this democratic spirit, the auditorium was designed without box seats and with the intention that every seat in the house would provide an unobstructed view. Well known for its political events (birth control advocate Margaret Sanger was arrested on stage in 1921 during a speech on contraceptives to mixed gender audience), it has also become a preeminent venue for the performing arts.

The Forward’s fav opera and recording star Richard Riven Tucker was much beloved by Metroplitan Opera fans as well as Forward readers, including as a one time deli sandwich! Yes, to celebrate the centennial of his birth, he was given that special NYC honor of being a deli sandwich, and having then NYC Mayor Bloomberg honor his birthday, August 28, as “Richard Tucker Day”.

A 1920s steeple of class-act Art Deco, the golden tips of the tower are supposed to mimic the hue of a radiator aflame, and symbolic figures at the base of the building represent states of heat such as “lust” and “labor” and “drunkenness.” The lower facade is also decorated with fire-breathing salamanders - a symbol of the court of King Francis I, under whose auspices in 1524 the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed to the “New World” - allegedly the first European to blaze the waters of Lower New York Bay, and cast western eyes on the shores of Brooklyn and Staten Island. In 1926, Lynn Bomar of the New York Giants stood on the roof of the building and hail mary’d a football into Bryant Park, where Giants halfback Hickey Haines, wearing a waistcoat and tie, caught what the papers called the longest forward pass on record.

Early 20th-century censors, excited about “controversial” subjects being explored in New York’s theaters, focused mainly on sexuality – in particular, homosexuality and interracial relationships. In 1927, the New York Legislature passed the Wales Padlock Law, which made it illegal “depicting or dealing with, the subject of sex degeneracy, or sex perversion,” and offending theaters could be closed. (Similarly, Hollywood movies were subjected to the infamous Motion Picture Production (Hays) Code of 1930.) Although the New York law was not often enforced, and was protested by the theater community, it had a huge and censorious effect on the Broadway stage. Despite the law, which remained on the books until 1967, lesbian and gay characters did manage to make it to Broadway, often in the works of lesbian and gay playwrights. The last Broadway show impacted by the Wales law was Dorothy and Howard Baker’s lesbian drama Trio (1944-45) at the Belasco, which was shut down by the LaGuardia administration two months after opening, but engendered a protest over censorship from theater folks, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the press, and politicians. Two later plays of note at the Belasco were Lorraine Hansberry‘s A Raisin in the Sun (1959-60; 530 performances) that starred Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, and Diana Sands and had first opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, and Frank Marcus’s The Killing of Sister George (1966-67; 205 performances).

Hotel Woodstock, 1907. The 12-story Beaux Arts hotel designed by Mulliken & Moeller opened in 1903 as the Hotel Spaulding. But financial troubles saw the building sold in foreclosure two years later. Purchased in 1906 by new owners and renamed the Hotel Woodstock, the hotel entered into a period of success. In 1911 the building was expanded, adding more than 40 feet to the frontage. A 1912 ad for the hotel notes it "European Plan" and "Special Summer Rates." A room with a nearby bathroom cost $1.50, while one with a connecting bathroom was $2.00 and up. The hotel changed hands a number of times in the next few decades. By the 1970s as Times Square was becoming the seedy hub of porn theatres, peep shows, and drug activity, the hotel too had lost its once classy and professional sheen. It no longer could maintain occupancy and was falling into disrepair. In 1975 the non-profit Project Find took over the building and became the first NPO to manage an SRO (single room occupancy) in New York. They bought the hotel outright four years later. The hotel was completely renovated in 1993 through funding from the City's Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD). In 2018 Project Find and HPD partnered again to preserve the affordability of the senior supportive housing SRO. Work included new amenities, rooftop access, facade restoration, and an additional 10 units, bringing the facility up to 291 permanently affordable units.

Belasco's Stuyvesant Theatre ARCHITECT: George Keister DATE: 1906-07 STYLE: Neo-Georgian This theater was designed as Belasco’s ideal theater by George Keister, an important theater architect, in an elegant neo-Georgian style reminiscent of townhouse architecture and specifically intended to suggest the intimate drama presented by Belasco within. As such it represents an early monument in the development of the “Little Theater” movement in New York.

Roosevelt Hotel, 1924. Named in honor of former President Teddy Roosevelt, the 1924 hotel was constructed on land leased by the New York State Realty and Terminal Company, a division of the New York Central Railroad. Designed by George B. Post & Son, the hotel was built with storefronts and not lounges on the sidewalk level, owing to its construction during Prohibition. Hotel guest once had direct access to Grand Central through a basement tunnel. The hotel was purchased in 1943 by Conrad Hilton, who three years later founded the Hilton Hotel chain. The Roosevelt was the first hotel to have a television in every room, which they instituted in 1947. The hotel has undergone numerous large scale renovations in the last 20 years and remains open as a luxury hotel.

One of the best parts of a summer in New York City is the wide array of free outdoor programs. There’s nothing like lying back in the grass while hearing crisp notes dance from a trumpet at Kingsborough’s Lighthouse Bandshell. There's nothing like watching the Delacorte Theater reawaken the words of Shakespeare under a starry night. Part of what makes our city so special is that it unites communities and cultures with free arts performances. While we won’t be able to share these moments in the summer of 2020, this story celebrates those experiences in all five boroughs. We hope to see you there next year!

Women's League for Political Education, 1899. Though this photograph does not specifically detail the location of the gathering, it is likely the League's headquarters in the Berkeley Lyceum on 44th Street. The League, originally established as a pro-women's suffrage group, created a meeting place where people of all walks of life could be educated on important issues of the day. They held classes, meetings, and lectures. They also founded a number of affiliate groups including The Civic Forum, an assembly designed to foster higher standards of civic responsibility and international goodwill and the Economic Club of New York, a non-partisan organization that encouraged dialogue on economic, social, and industrial problems. The League, which was opened to both genders around 1905, moved into a larger space in 1921 in the building today known as Town Hall, where they continued this work. A new project started in 1935 was 'America’s Town Meeting of the Air' a public affairs discussion radio show, recorded at Town Hall for more than 20 years. In 1938 the League changed its name to The Town Hall, Inc.

Though few may know of it today, the Hotel Astor was the heart of Times Square for decades. Built at the heart of the theatre district, the Astor was a glamorous destination that helped bring the area to life.

Bryant Park Studios, ca. 1901. Built by artist, Abraham A. Anderson, the 12-story Studios (later called the Beaux Arts Building), was constructed in the first years of the 20th century. Designed by Charles A. Rich, who also designed Barnard College's first building, Milbank Hall, the apartment was specifically designed to house artists’ studios. The building included 24 north-facing double-height studios (north facing being the best for light). The artists often worked and lived in their studios. In the 1920s the building was called the Beaux Arts Building, for the cafe on the ground floor. Anderson remained in his studios, while leasing and then selling the building to a new owner. The building slowing became more of a loft and showroom space throughout the mid century. Today the building is almost exclusively occupied by women’s contemporary casual clothing showrooms.

Seventh Avenue, at and adjoining the southwest corner of 42nd Street, 1929. The large brick building in the background is the Hotel Hermitage. Built in 1907, the 13-story structure was designed by Robert D. Kohn for Timothy F. Paddell, a liquor dealer. The building was a bachelor hotel designed to be "vigorous and modern" with no "conspicuous leanings toward any recognized style," according to a contemporary article in Architectural Review. The base of the building had four double story columns, the middle of the structure was a simple brick facade with subtle arts and crafts style inset decoration, and the top of the building was a mix of Gothic and Art Nouveau in style. In the 1930s what was once a bachelor hotel went the way other surrounding buildings and neighborhood, becoming a bit seedy. In 1943 the building's operator was convicted on charges of prostitution, owing to the fact that the eighth and ninth floors and a separate elevator were exclusively used by prostitutes and their clients. The building had its lower floor columns removed in the 1930s and replaced with a modern facade. In the early 1990s, the hotel (by then renamed the National) and the entire block front of Seventh Avenue between 41st and 42nd Streets was demolished for a 39-story building.

Lefcourt-Colonial Building, 1930. The Lefcourt-Colonial is a 45-story, Art Deco office building that was commissioned in 1930 by Abraham E. Lefcourt. Designed by the Charles F. Moyer Company and Bark & Djorup, the building has a storied history as part of Lefcourt's real estate empire. While the Lefcourt Colonial is only one of Lefcourt's many buildings in New York (20 in Manhattan!), it is one of his most iconic. The building's most prominent feature, its tower, can actually be seen from almost any point in the midtown area!

562 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1919. This corner building at no. 562 was an Italianate brownstone constructed sometime prior to 1846 when it came into the possession of the Harper family. Various members of the family, who owned the publishing house Harper & Brothers, lived in the residence over the next six decades. The lovely curved mansard roof was added during renovations in the late 1870s, giving the building a slight French Second Empire look. In 1909 Joseph Harper's widow leased her home to florist Charles Thorley for $27,000 a year (nearly $700,000 in today's market). Thorley, who was 16 years old when he opened his first flower shop downtown in 1874, had become the go-to florist for both New York's high society AND lovesick young men looking to dazzle their sweethearts. After occupying a series of shops, Thorley's business took up residence here at no. 562. And he transformed the building into a 'House of Flowers.' During his first few years here Thorley undertook a series of "greening" renovations: painting the building white with green trim, placing vines and shrubs all along the facade, installing window boxes with overflowing vegetation. This Midtown jungle was a sight to be seen. From this shop Thorley decorated the mansions of NYC's elite for weddings, funerals, and other fancy occasions. His business could not have been more successful; in 1912, during the Easter season only, he sold more than $45,000 in flowers. In 1915 Mrs. Harper passed away and the building—by then largely known as the Thorley Building— was sold. With the new owners raising the already exorbitant rent, Thorley choose to move on in 1920. Charles Thorley died in 1923 but his assistant Rose Fallon took over the business which prospered in various midtown locations (including lastly the Carlyle Hotel) until the mid 1960s. The corner mansion turned flower shop was demolished in the early 1920s, and replaced with a 12-story commercial building. That building, known as the I. Miller Building (for the shoe company that built it), was purchased in 2015 and soon after demolished (along with its neighbors to the north) for an as-yet unknown new development.

New York Club, ca. 1907 If you asked a well-heeled New Yorker today if he or she knew about the New York Club, you might well be met with a look of confusion. However, that would not have been the case a century ago. Founded in the 1840s, the prestige of the New York Club was such that it was noted as a simple N. in the Social Register. It was so well known that one needn't have a longer signifier. As such, many of New York's prominent citizens were members and its coffers were bountiful. At the turn of the century, the club was feeling confident enough to buy land for a new clubhouse across from Bryant Park and the Ne York Public Library. They retained Henry Hardenberg, known for the original Waldorf-Astoria (and later the Plaza Hotel), to design their nine-story clubhouse. The new home's facade was old New York with red brick and terracotta with common spaces as well as bedrooms. It cost more than a $1,000,000. Opened in 1907, the new location quickly amassed quite a membership, and there were almost 700 members by the start of the First World War. However, like many of its fellow clubs, the Great Depression took its toll on the New York Club and soon they were forced to sell. In 1933, the clubhouse was taken over by a liquor distributor, who used the space for sales and tasting rooms. The New York Club sold the building for less than a quarter of the price it had cost to build. Freedom House (an early human rights and racial equality organization) purchased the building in 1945 and renamed it after Wendell Wilkie, a Republican presidential candidate. During its tenancy, it hosted a number of organizations under its roof, including the NAACP. Doom came for the building in the familiar specter of a bank, the Republic National Bank, purchasing it as part of a midtown expansion. In 1985, its distinctive facade was demolished by workmen before it was sold, with many preservationists speculating that it was a preemptive move to prevent landmarking and a cynical act by the bank. Regardless, without any protection, the Bank demolished the old club as soon as it took ownership of the land.

Palace Theatre, 1913. The Palace Theatre was a venture originally undertaken by a team of non-New Yorkers. The 1913 building was designed by Milwaukee architects Kirchoff & Rose (their only NYC commission) and was funded by Marvin Beck, a vaudeville entrepreneur from San Fransisco. Beck's plan to open a venue in direct competition with the east coast vaudeville empire of Keith–Albee was derailed when Albee required that Beck transfer three-quarters ownership to the company to be able to host acts from the east coast circuit. Beck agreed and became the Palace Theatre's booking agent. The Palace became the premier vaudeville venue in New York. In 1932 the theatre became a RKO movie house, with a return to live stage shows (in addition to movies) from 1936 to 1957. Citizen Kane had its world premiere at the Palace in 1941. A tall hotel building was constructed over the theatre in the 1980s and today the facade is completely obstructed by advertisements.

Century Association ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White DATE: 1889-91 STYLE: Italian Renaissance Stately in its formal appearance, this four-story Italian Renaissance building, of granite, terra-cotta and brick, is extremely successful in its architectural treatment. McKim, Mead & White, architects for The Century Association, had a reputation for understanding the use of Renaissance elements, and Stanford White, the partner in charge of this project, was renowned for his talent as a designer and for his great ability in using materials, texture and detail in the creation of a building. Working in the true Renaissance spirit, achieving unity and balance, he reestablished the supremacy of form and detail.

Berkeley Lyceum Theatre, drawing from 1935. This now demolished theatre building was constructed in 1887-1888 as a gym for the nearby Berkeley School. The headmaster of the private school also established a men's athletic club in the building to assist in the financial costs of the building's maintenance. In the mid 1890s the building also began hosting theatrical performances. It was the original New York home of Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts. At the same time that the building became home to a proper theatre it also became headquarters for a new progressive organization. The Women's League for Political Education, was established in 1894 by a group of prominent suffragists following the defeat of the women's suffrage amendment to the New York State constitution. The organization's mission was to provided education on social and political issues. Originally a female only organization, the League for Political Education became co-ed sometime in the early years of the 20th century. In 1914 the League purchased a lot on 49th Street for a new building, which would provide a larger space for classes and lectures. The new building, originally called the Societies' Building (now known as Town Hall), opened in 1921 and was designed with the democratic principles of the League in mind. No box seats were included in the design and every effort was made to allow an unobstructed view for every seat in the house. The Berkeley Lyceum was torn down in 1916.

Goelet Building, 1935. Considered a transitional moment between the Art Deco and International styles, the 10-story Goelet Building was completed in 1932. Originally created in the Deco style by architect Victor L. S. Hafner, the engineering firm of E. H. Faile modified the design of the upper floors to visibly incorporate the supporting skeletal framing in the facade.The glazed deep green marble curtain wall of lower floors render in a simple horizontal arrangement hearken to the modern International style. The building replaced the 1882 mansion belonging to the Goelet family. Designed to compliment the nearby buildings of Rockefeller Center, this structure had ground floor retail and office spaces on the upper floors. Since 1964 the building has been called the Swiss Center, for the group of Swiss business, working in commercial, cultural, travel and financial activities, who began leasing it then.

We've rounded up our favorite photos of New Yorkers in costume.

605 Fifth Avenue, 1925. Designed in 1924 by architect William Van Alen (of later Chrysler Building fame), this midblock building was forecast by the New York Times to be “one of the finest buildings along Fifth Avenue in this section.” The asymmetrical structure had six full stories of curved windows on one corner. The architect took advantage of the setback of the neighboring church to showcase this innovative feature. Completed in 1925 for the Child's restaurant chain, the resulting edifice of gleaming white limestone and expansive plate glass was called a veritable jewel-box” by a contemporary design magazine. It was said to have been the first building in the U.S. without corner columns. The unique vantage point by which passersby could look right through the curved corner of the building was lost in 1952 with the demolition of the church and the construction of 600 Fifth Avenue, a 26-story office building. Since 1997 the building has been home to TGI Friday's. For many years the facade was painted a bright blue with contrasting red and white awnings. In the last few years, the facade has gone back to white, but a four-story advertisement covers the upper floors (and curved windows).

New Amsterdam Theater ARCHITECT: Herts & Tallant DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Art Nouveau This interior is a rare example of Art Nouveau architecture in New York City. Working in conjunction with sculptors, painters, and other craftsmen, the architects used the Art Nouveau style to carry out a dual theme: the representation of the spirit of drama and the theater and the representation of New Amsterdam in its historical sense as the City of New York. The ornament, sculpture, murals and color scheme are intrinsic parts of the overall scheme. It was designed with innovative and extensive technical facilities to make the New Amsterdam the best possible theater. Many notable artists worked on various aspects of the interior.

25 West 45th Street, 1913. This limestone office building was designed by the firm of Wallis & Goodwillie and completed in 1913. In early 1925 this building became the home of the brand new magazine called the New Yorker. The publication of "gaiety, wit, satire, fiction, social commentary, and criticism" remained here for the next decade before moving to 43rd Street in 1935.

Three examples of very dense high-rise housing developments suggest how the private market might have rebuilt parts of Manhattan for the middle class if the real estate boom of the late 1920s had not ended in the Great Depression. Two were created by the visionary developer Fred French: Tudor City (1927), a 14.5-acre enclave of a dozen towers on E. 42nd Street, and Knickerbocker Village (1934) on the Lower East side, which replaced some of the district’s oldest tenements with modern, but extremely dense, multifamily housing. The other, London Terrace (1930), packed 1,665 units into an avenue-long apartment block in Chelsea. The density of these middle-class developments averaged 463, 800, and 931 persons per acre, respectively. This story is adapted from an exhibition at the Skycraper Museum. The original version can be seen here.

"Beauty," ca. 1915. Flanking the main entrance of the Main Branch of the New York Public Library two statues stand, presiding over stone fountains. "Truth," the figure of an old man stands in the niche on the north side, while "Beauty" (seen here) is a young woman. Sculpted by Frederick MacMonnies, the works complement the grand Beaux-Arts style of the building. While the water flowed in the two fountains for decades, it was turned off sometime in the 1980s. Plans for work on the features fell through in 2013, but funding came through a couple of years later. In July 2015, the fountains bubbled with water once again, to the surprise and delight of passersby.

In the 1940 movie "Young People," Shirley Temple sang and danced to the lighthearted ditty, "Fifth Avenue." Let's use the lyrics to guide us through the history of the grandest thoroughfare in New York City.

Silent Parade, July 28, 1917. Following a series of lynchings in Waco, Texas and Memphis, Tennessee in late 1916 and early 1917 and the vicious mob violence that killed 39 black men during a riot in St. Louis (though the actual number of dead and injured was likely much higher), the NAACP organized a demonstration. Called the 'Silent Parade,' more than 10,000 African-Americans marched slowly and silently down Fifth Avenue on Saturday, July 28, 1917. The women and children wore white. The NAACP sends out a notice for the event that included phases they hoped attendees might carry as signs. These included... Make America Safe for Democracy. The first blood for American Independence was shed by a Negro—Crispus Attucks. America has lynched without trial 2,876 Negroes in 31 years and not a murderer has suffered. Racial prejudice is the offspring of ignorance and the mother of lynching. The great contradiction— love of God and hatred of man.

The "naughty, gaudy, bawdy, sporty, 42nd Street." Over the 20th century it was constantly changing: theatre > burlesque > movies> grindhouse> XXX> revitalization. These are the theatres of the "Deuce."

Hotel Gerard ARCHITECT: George Keister DATE: 1893-94 STYLE: Romanesque Revival, German Gothic, Renaissance The Gerard is an exceptionally fine example of an apartment hotel, a very popular building type in the late 19th century. It was designed by architect George Keister in an unusual style that combines late Romanesque Revival and German Gothic and Renaissance forms to create a handsome and sophisticated work. This design reflects Keister’s architectural philosophy. It was in the vanguard of the development of the Times Square area as the center of New York City’s entertainment district and its construction is integrally related to that of the theater district. It is one of the more architecturally distinguished and visually prominent buildings in the west Midtown section of the city.