222 East 79th Street James Brown Lord, 1902; renovation: Gwathmey Siegel & Associates 1986 NYC IL, NR-P The very first of the Carnegie-funded branches of the NYPL, the Yorkville Branch officially opened in December of 1902. The three-story building has a limestone facade, divided into three bays with elegant arched windows on the main floor and Ionic columns on the second. At the turn of the century, Yorkville was a densely populated German immigrant neighborhood, and as such, the third floor of the original building housed only German language publications. At the end of World War I, Thomas Masaryk used the Yorkville library to conduct the research that led to his founding of the Czechoslovakian state. The library’s interior was renovated in the late 1980s with funds donated by the Rose family. Once again the place of a pioneering event, the renovation was the first time a branch library was overhauled using private resources. The current library occupies two floors within the original ornate Palladian-inspired façade. The building was designated a landmark in 1967, only two years after the enactment of the New York City Landmarks Law. The library is an New York City Individual Landmark and listed on the New York City and State National Register of Historic Places.

Isaac Vail Brokaw Residence ca. 1901 This little castle on its corner site was one of the few remaining town houses which could boast such splendid isolation. Romanesque in many of its details, this mansion was basically of French Renaissance inspiration in its fenestration and roof lines. The marble interiors clove to the Romanesque Revival and were some of the finest and most original work of the style.

James B. and Nanaline Duke House ARCHITECT: Horace Trumbauer DATE: 1909-12 STYLE: French Classical The impressive splendor of’ the Duke mansion is achieved through the simple grandeur of’ the French Classical style of’ Louis XY. It was designed in 1909 by the well-known architect, Horace Trumbauer of Philadelphia. He modeled it after the Labottiere mansion in Bordeaux, which had been designed by Laclotte in the 18th century.

Ukrainian Institute of America, ca. 1975. The Fletcher-Sinclair mansion (now the Ukrainian Institute of America) was built in 1897 and designed by the well-known architect Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert. The French Gothic mansion was constructed as a single family home for Isaac D. Fletcher, a banker and railroad investor. The building is elaborately designed with drip moldings, gargoyles, and a high mansard slate roof, though the narrow side (5th Avenue) facade is a bit plainer to blend in better with the neighboring buildings. The home, along with Fletcher's extensive art collection, was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art after his death in 1917. The museum turned around and sold the home to endow the prints and drawing collections. The buyer of the home was Harry Ford Sinclair, founder of the country's largest independent oil company. He would end up in jail for jury tampering related to the Teapot Dome scandal and sold the home in 1930. After one more private owner (supposed descendants of Peter Stuyvesant), the house was purchased in 1955 by The Ukrainian Institute of America, a new non-profit (started as a small organization on Long Island in 1948). The Institute is dedicated to promoting the art, music and literature of Ukraine and the Ukrainian diaspora. Since 1955, they have thoughtfully and professionally maintained and preserved both the interior and exterior of the building

Volney Apartments, 1916. This 12-story building was the final home of writer and critic Dorothy Parker. She first moved into a two-bedroom apartment in 1952 after a separation from her husband and being blacklisted during the anti-Communist years, forced her out of Los Angeles. At the Volney, she lived among largely elderly female residents and their many dogs. (She based the characters of the unsuccessful 1953 play, 'The Ladies of the Corridor,' on her neighbors.) After a brief two year reconciliation with her husband in California, which ended with his death from an overdose in 1963, Parker moved back into Volney. She remained here, when not hospitalized, until her own death in 1967.

In 1903, sisters Winifred and Edith Holt established the "New York Ticket Bureau for the Blind" after being inspired by a similar foundation in Florence, Italy. The charitable organization went on to become one with an international reach. Its mission: "to overcome vision impairment for people of all ages through worldwide leadership in rehabilitation services, education, research, prevention, and advocacy." Read on to learn the history and legacy of the Lighthouse Guild.

Mrs. James B. Duke Residence ca. 1979 When Horace Trumbauer, the Philadelphia architect, was asked to design a town house for the Duke family, his firm chose as the model a house in Bordeaux, modifying its proportions to suit the site. Some of the handsomest buildings ever erected in New York were designed by his firm. They included Eleanor Widener's house, now razed, at 901 Fifth Avenue; the Herbert N. Straus house at 9 East 71st Street; the Wildenstein Galleries at 19 East 64th Street; and the old Duveen Galleries, which once stood at the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and West 56th Street. Many of his designs were directly inspired by those of the French architect Jacques Ange Gabriel.

Phillips Presbyterian Church, Madison Avenue between 73rd and 74th Street. Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church (organized in 1839) merged with Phillips Presbyterian Church (organized 1844) in 1899. Together, the two congregations constructed a new, neo-Gothic style building to replace the R.H. Robertson Building that was donated to the Madison Avenue congregation in 1972 by philanthropist James Lenox. The resulting structure includes an 800-seat sanctuary, and was designed by architect James E. Ware.

The Brokaw Mansion, ca. 1900. Constructed between 1887 and 1890 for the millionaire clothing manufacturer Issac Vail Brokaw, the opulent mansion was modeled on the 16th century Chateau Chenonceaux in France’s Loire Valley. Built along "Millionaire's Row" on the east side of Fifth Avenue, the mansion lavishly designed inside and out, with a marble entrance, stained glass, carved wood decoration, mosaics, murals, and even a moat! Brokaw also had constructed on the property a number of homes for his children, including 7 East 79th Street and the 1905-built Gothic twin buildings at 984 and 985 Fifth Avenue. The main house remained in the family until Brokaw's son George sold it in 1946 to the Institute of Radio Engineers (they would later also purchase two of the other Brokaw residences). In 1963 the organization, now called the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, sold the buildings to Campagna Construction Corporation, who announced in the fall of 1964 that they planned to demolish the buildings. This announcement, paired with interest from the press public, and citywide organization, caught the city's attention and resulted in ardent calls for landmarks legislation. Nonetheless, despite the articles and rallies, the buildings were quickly and somewhat stealthily demolished in February in 1965. A year later, a 26-story cooperative apartment building was erected on the site. The events surrounding the end of the Brokaw Mansion were a warning shot. The threat to the mansions moved the landmarks legislation off the Mayor's desk and into the City Council committee. It was the loss of the buildings that then pushed the legislation to a vote and the eventual signing into law on April 19, 1965.

This handsome, mid-block co-operative apartment building at 955 Fifth Avenue between 76th and 77th Street was built in 1938 and designed by Rosario Candela. With a one-story, rusticated limestone entrance beneath three stories of broadly fluted limestone, it's symmetrical setbacks are representative of Candela's style.

990 Fifth Avenue ca. 1927 Built on the site of the grand Woolworth Mansion in 1927, 990 Fifth Avenue, designed by Rosario Candela, is only slightly less luxurious. 14 stories high, Candela designed the building to have only six apartments (5 duplex, and 1 triplex.) With a limestone facade and elegant detailing in a neo-Italian Renaissance design, 990 Fifth Avenue served as the epitome of how in the 21st century lavish homes were moving skyward.

Temple Beth-El, ca. 1901. Congregation Beth-El was a wealthy community of Jewish New Yorkers established in the mid 19th century. In 1873 they moved into a new synagogue on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 63rd Street. In the ensuing years, the community merged with another congregation, sold their home to Congregation Rodeph Sholom, and built an impressive new structure at 76th Street and Fifth Avenue (seen here). The new Romanesque synagogue with Moorish influences was designed by Arnold Brunner and completed in 1891. The facade was constructed of rough cut Indiana limestone and topped with a soaring ribbed dome. The interior was equally impressive, a massive space that could seat nearly 3000 worshipers, dramatically illuminated by 1000 incandescent lamps (likely a spectacle given the era of its construction). The building housed the congregation's services until 1930 when the community, recently merged with Congregation Emanu-El, moved into a new synagogue. This space was used only sporadically for the next 15 years, largely as overflow seating during the high holy days. By the time of demolition in 1947, the once grand synagogue was gutted and looked like a "bombed-out building." In 1949 an 18-story Emery Roth-designed apartment house rose on the former synagogue site.

The Carlyle Hotel ca. 1947 The Carlyle Hotel, a 40-story yellow-brick and limestone building on 76th street and Madison Ave, was designed in 1929-30 by the architects Bien and Prince and decorated by Dorothy Draper in an Empire Manner. The 40 stories of the southern half are hotel rooms and the 17 stories of the northern half, not originally in the design, are apartments, both rise from a 12 story base and overlook Central Park. This asymmetry created a recognizable and unique silhouette in the "fashionable" Upper East Side.

Doorway of the Chemical Bank, ca. 1990.

Intersection of East 74th Street and Madison Avenue, looking west toward Central Park, 1929.

Yorkville Branch, NYPL 222 East 79th Street James Brown Lord, 1902; renovation: Gwathmey Siegel & Associates 1986 NYC IL, NR-P The very first of the Carnegie-funded branches of the NYPL, the Yorkville Branch officially opened in December of 1902. The three-story building has a limestone facade, divided into three bays with elegant arched windows on the main floor and Ionic columns on the second. At the turn of the century, Yorkville was a densely populated German immigrant neighborhood, and as such, the third floor of the original building housed only German language publications. At the end of World War I, Thomas Masaryk used the Yorkville library to conduct the research that led to his founding of the Czechoslovakian state. The library’s interior was renovated in the late 1980s with funds donated by the Rose family. Once again the place of a pioneering event, the renovation was the first time a branch library was overhauled using private resources. The current library occupies two floors within the original ornate Palladian-inspired façade. The building was designated a landmark in 1967, only two years after the enactment of the New York City Landmarks Law. The library is an New York City Individual Landmark and listed on the New York City and State National Register of Historic Places.

Louis Stern Mansion, 1884-1929 Louis Stern was the president of the Stern Brothers Department Store. He opened the successful retail company with his brothers, Isaac and Benjamin. The brothers were an important merchandising family who were born to German Jewish immigrants in New York City. In 1884, Louis Stern purchased a 27-foot wide lot between 80th and 81st street on Fifth Avenue. This lot was opposite Central Park. His palace was designed by German architect William Schickel in a French-Gothic inspired fashion. The mansion's ornate facade rose four stories, complete with a stone oriel that supported a stone-balustraded balcony. The doors of the home were clad in bronze and glass. The house quickly became a social hub, hosting parties and social gatherings that brought prominent New York society members to the home. The house was sold to an Adolphus Busch, of St. Louis, in 1911. The mansion was a gift for his daughter Edmee who married art collector Hugo Reisinger. When the couple moved in, Hugo's collection filled the many rooms of the mansion. Paintings of Childe Hassam, Whistler, Carl Melchers, Menzel, Zuegel, and Boecklin lined the walls. The United States entry into World War I prompted suspicion of the Busch's and Reisingers, two wealthy German families. In 1917, an illegal radio receiving station was found on the roof of the mansion. According to a mortified Edmee, their servant Alexander Hugo installed this powerful radio equipment in secrecy under the instruction of her father. The station included a De Forest audion detector, which allowed for the receiving of long-distance messages - likely from Germany's capital in Nauen. Edmee sold the house to a realty company after the war ended. A sixteen-story apartment was constructed a decade later.

"East 74th Street, east from but not including Third Avenue. This view showing prominently the north side, 1937." Though the storefronts seen adjacent to the corner of 3rd Avenue (on the far right of the photos) have been replaced by a large apartment building, the building at nos. 214 and 216 (just slightly down the block) with the large arched doorways remains.

1100 Madison Avenue, ca. 1911. Completed in 1911 by the firm of Schwartz & Gross, the Schermerhorn (now called Gerel) is a 12-story apartment building. It sits just outside the Metropolitan Museum Historic District. The land on which it was constructed was purchased from the prominent Schermerhorn family.

168 East 73rd Street CLIENT: William Baylis ARCHITECT: Charles W. Romeyn DATE: 1899 STYLE: Neo-Flemish Renaissance The 168 East 73rd Street Building is a fine example of the type of private carriage house built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in this area of Manhattan. Constructed in 1899 for William Baylis, this carriage house was designed by Charles Romeyn in a sophisticated rendition of the neo-Flemish Renaissance style.

Whitney Museum of American Art, ca. 1974. Designed in the Brutalist style by Marcel Breuer in 1966, the building was the third location for the Whitney Museum of American Art. (The first two locations were on West Eighth Street and West 54th Street, respectively.) The modernist building with gray granite and reverse ziggurat facade was (and still is) a stark contrast to the surrounding 19th century brownstones, brick row houses, and postwar apartment buildings. The facade is made of 1,500 granite slabs with each weighing between 500 and 600 pounds). Ada Louise Huxtable, the New York Times architecture critic, said of the design, “the taste for its disconcertingly top-heavy, inverted pyramidal mass grows on one slowly, like a taste for olives or warm beer.” The museum always struggled with not enough space and finally in 2015 moved into a new building in the Meat Packing District. In 2016 the Metropolitan Museum of Art moved into the uptown building to display exhibitions that focus on modern and contemporary art.

Replacing the William A. Clark Mansion, 960 Fifth Avenue is one of Candela's most complex projects-"literally," according to The New York Times, "12 mansions built one on top another." Although the corner building appears to be one large volume, it actually comprises two sections, each defined by subtle variations in decorative details. One section, with the Fifth Avenue address, features a mixture of duplex and simplex units sold as co-operatives. The most expensive apartment, a duplex that contained a double-height, 58-foot living room, sold for the then-record price of $450,000, or about $6.5 million today. The building's second section, with a separate entrance at 3 East 77th Street, was made up of smaller apartments, intially rental but now a co-op.

820 Park Avenue, ca. 1922. This Park Avenue building is a glorious reminder of New York's past. It was built in 1927 for the flamboyant publisher of the Hearst organization, Albert J. Kobler, who got his start in the business selling newspaper ads around 1910. Kobler hired Harry Allan, the architect behind the Friars Club and many lavish residential projects, to erect what was then a "modern concept" in apartment living: multiple mansions stacked one upon another. With time, the duplex and penthouse triplex house that Allan constructed for Kobler has come to represent the last gasp of the old, extravagant ways of Manhattan living. The duplexes, however, have since been divided into single floor-throughs with only a few today that have returned to their initial grandeur.

55-57 East 75th Street, ca. 1911. Nos. 55 and 57 were both constructed in 1881-82 by architect John Prague. Both building have been renovated in the 20th century. In the late 1930s, the building on the left (no. 55) was renovated into brick front neo-Federalist style building that can be seen today. No. 57 had a much more dramatic facelift later in the century. In 1979 architect William Glickman completed a new Brutalist facade for the building, with angled concrete and projecting balconies on the second and third floors. The now nine-story building towers over its neighbors. The writers of the AIA Guide to NYC say this, " a curious former row house transformed into an early "sliver building. As an object it is abstractly handsome. As a citizen of the block it's inciting a riot."

St. Ignatius of Loyola, 1929. The Church of St. Ignatius was dedicated on December 11, 1898 (and completed two years later). The new Schickel & Ditmar-designed edifice replaced the modest brick structure of the former St. Lawrence O’Toole Church. The parish dates from 1851, and in 1898 the congregation sought permission to change the patron saint of the parish from St. Lawrence to St. Ignatius. The Italian-Renaissance edifice, rendered in limestone, is monumental in scale while austere in character. The plans for the church originally included a pair of towers that would rise 210 feet above the street. Alas, that feature was abandoned early in the process, but the resulting copper-capped tower bases on either side of the central pediment hint at the original intent.

Henry H. Cook Mansion, ca. 1900. In 1883, Henry Cook, a railroad millionaire, purchased the entire block between Fifth and Madison Avenues and 78th to 79th Streets. His plan was to preserve a particular type of neighborhood (read: not stables, tenements or the wrong type of people). He divided the block into single-family lots and wrote in deed restrictions that were severely limiting. In the 1890s, slowly and with purpose–to create a block of homes occupied only by the types of families he would want to be surrounded by– he sold the lots. Before selling the surrounding lots, he had built for himself a massive mansion on the corner of Fifth Avenue and 78th Street. The mansion was extravagant, with a $15,000 Italian fireplace and mantel and oak paneling that cost $55 a section. The exterior was a layered pile of white, blue and red granite. Cook would die in 1905 and in 1909 his estate sold the building to James Duke. It was a wedding present to his new wife. Duke considered renovating the mansion, but ultimately decided to demolish it and built a new house. Supposedly the contractor hired for the demolition called the mansion “the best-built house ever torn down in New York City.” (Though it is unlikely the contractor survived to mid century to see the wave of grand homes razed prior to the Landmarks Law.)

St. Jean Baptiste Church, 1913. The parish of St. Jean Baptiste dates to 1882 when it was founded to serve the long -established French Canadian immigrant population of the Yorkville section of the Upper East Side. The community first worshiped in the hall above a stable on East 77th Street, referred to as the “Crib of Bethlehem.” A purpose-built church was erected between 1883 and 1884 in a simple Gothic style. The church became both popular among the larger Catholic New York community and the home of eucharistic worship in the decades surrounding the turn of the century. The community recognized the need (and desire) for a larger and more "worthy" (in pomp and decoration) structure and their prayers were answered with the entrance of a benefactor in 1910. Financed by American tobacco, insurance and transportation tycoon, Thomas Fortune Ryan, the present church building was designed by Nicholas Serracino, an Italian architect, and completed in 1913. The domed church (one of only a few Catholic churches in the city that feature a dome) was rendered in a combination of Italian Renaissance Revival and Classical Revival architectural styles. The main dome reaches a height of 172 feet. The interior is richly decorated with stained glass windows brought in from the glass studios of Chartres, Frances.

Architect Robert AM Stern designed this townhouse from an existing 1897 carriage house in 1975, when he was just starting his career as an architect. What began as one of three private stables was converted into a 10,000-square-foot townhouse. Unfortunately, a fire destroyed the 70’s interior in 1992. Of the design, Stern told Metropolis magazine: “The design has what I thought were pretty daring \[features] in those days— classically derived pilasters and proportions with ornaments…all of which I think fall into the Postmodern sensibility that was emerging at the time.”

Vincent and Helen Astor House ARCHITECT: Mott B. Schmidt DATE: 1927-28 STYLE: Neo-Classical Reflecting the neo-Classical style of Robert Adam, one of the foremost English architects of the eighteenth century, this formal residence of austere elegance is five stories high with basement and sub-basement. It is one of the most successful houses designed by a very gifted architect. Constructed of ashlar masonry of Roche limestone imported from France, the facade has a flat, low relief quality resulting from the slight variation in depth between the surface of the wall and projecting planes of the decorative elements. There is an absence of deep shadows, and the architect has deliberately used understatement in expressing the true refinement to be found here.

55 East 72nd Street, 1943.

My Archive Spring 2019

This beautifully detailed Romanesque Revival structure was designed in 1893 by the architects Fowler and Hough, whose other Romanesque Revival work includes the 23rd Regiment Armory on Bedford Avenue in Brooklyn. The First Hungarian Baptist Church was a community space even before it was a church. The building at 255 East 80th Street was originally home to an Industrial School for the American Female Guardian Society, an organization founded in 1849 to assist working women by offering necessities like food and clothing, as well as vocational and educational training. When the New York City Baptist Mission Society purchased the building in 1918, with the vision to spread Christianity throughout the city, it focused on the Hungarian immigrant population in the area. That year, First Hungarian Baptist Church opened on the building’s first floor, and accommodations for the pastor were made on the second floor. At the time, many of the Hungarian immigrants in Yorkville were young working women. In an effort to provide safe lodging for those women, and a link to the community for those who had come to the United States alone, the Baptist Mission Society transformed the Industrial School’s third-floor classrooms into bedrooms for girls and created the Hungarian Girls Club. In 1957, the ownership of the building was transferred to the First Hungarian Baptist Church, which retains ownership of the building today. The community spirit still survives at First Hungarian Baptist, where services and events are still offered in Hungarian.

151 East 74th Street, 1943. The brownstone rowhouse at no. 151 was constructed between 1877 and 1878 by architect John B. Snook for speculative developer W.H.Browning. Between 1919 and 1922, the home was owned by Captain Kermit (!) Roosevelt, son of TR. While a fourth story (not visible on the front facade) was added in 1906, the building underwent a drastic facelift in 1923. Then owned by New Yorker Magazine co-founder and publisher Raoul H. Fleischmann, the facade was updated to a sleek Colonial Revival style by architect Henry Lion. This move was in line with the popular practice in the 1910s and 1920s of updating New York's aging rowhouses. While some respected the styles and ornamentation of the decades old homes, many other drastically altered the look of the facades (and the interiors as well). The most common changes included removing the now passè stoops in exchange for ground floor entrances, discarding the window and door surrounds, and striping the facades of any Victorian adornments in favor of Colonial Revival or Mediterranean styles. (For more on this trend check out Andrew Dolkart's “The Row-House Reborn: Architecture and Neighborhoods in New York City, 1908-1929.”) The home had one more well-known resident. In 1955, actor Henry Fonda purchased no. 151 from Fleischmann. Two years later he wed a 23-year-old Italian countess Afdera Franchetti in a ceremony in the home. Although that marriage only lasted four years, Fonda resided in the nearly 6,000-square-foot house until his death in 1982.

17 East 79th Street (at right), ca. 1917.

While now replaced by an apartment building, 960 Fifth Avenue used to be the lavish home of Montana Senator and copper magnate William S. Clark Sr.

John Sherman Hoyt House, Park Avenue, 1923. The Tudor-style fieldstone mansion at the northwest corner of Park Avenue and East 79th Street was designed by architect I.N. Phelps Stokes for his brother-in-law, the philanthropist John Sherman Hoyt. Upon its completion, the January 1917 edition of Architectural Review noted that though its design (which was termed "Stuart," rather than Tudor) "should have grounds around it. It is, however, very well done." Hoyt sold the mansion to James A. Stillman in 1926. Some 43 years later, after the building had passed from Stillman to his wife, and later became the consulate of the short-lived United Arab Republic, the John Sherman Hoyt House was razed for the construction of 900 Park Avenue, a 28-story tower set back from the street. Christopher Gray, the architectural historian and longtime New York Times columnist, cited this demolition as a sort of preservationist awakening: "When I encountered scaffolding and guys with crowbars around the house, I was aghast. Here was a certifiable Neat Old Thing — how could someone tear it down? A mansion, on Park Avenue — what millionaire wouldn’t want to live there? It had seemed so permanent. I was shaken. That the co-op had received a decadelong tax exemption only rubbed salt in the wound."

829 and 823 Park Avenue, date unknown. The three tall gleaming white residential towers (no. 829 has two towers, while no.813 has only one) were constructed in 1911 and designed by Pickering and Walker. Currently no. 823 (the mid block building) had only 11 apartments: ten full floor residences and a duplex penthouse.

Park Avenue, south from East 84th Street, ca. 1910. At center-right is No. 970 Park Avenue, with signs advertising 8 and 10 room apartments (two apartments per floor). The building went up in 1912 at the southwest corner of 83rd Street. The Georgian Revival apartment building, originally twelve stories, was designed by Schwartz & Gross for the developer Bing & Bing. Today, it is part of the Park Avenue Historic District, created in 2014. St. Ignatius Loyola Church is visible at right.

Thatcher and Frances Adams House ARCHITECT: Adams & Warren DATE: 1902-03 STYLE: Neo-English Classic The impressive neo-English Classic style townhouse at 63 East 79th Street was designed in 1902 by architects Adams & Warren for Thatcher M. Adams. The building is representative of the large houses erected on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in the early 20th century as this area became the most fashionable residential quarter of the city.

Clarence Whitman Mansion, 7 East 76th Street. This Renaissance Revival-style mansion was built in 1898 and designed by architects Parish and Schroeder. Originally, the address consisted of two neighboring facades until wealthy importer Clarence Whitman purchased the two houses and combined them in 1899, according to Daytonian in Manhattan. The mansion has since been home to a succession of notable owners, including art dealer Sam Salz, who displayed works by Cézanne, Monet, Renoir, and others inside.

George and Martha Whitney House ARCHITECT: Cross & Cross DATE: 1929-30 This facade of this house is divided horizontally into a base of one story, the shaft, consisting of two floors placed between a string course at second-floor level and a cornice at the fourth floor. The crowning feature is a mansard roof with an attic story above it. The square-headed windows are double hung and have stone keystones and splayed brick lintels. Three dormers in the slate mansard are covered with segmental arched roofs.

960 Fifth Avenue, the home of Montana Senator and copper magnate William S. Clark Sr. ca. 1933 Clark, who was originally born in Pennsylvania, moved out west with his family to study law, then eventually found his way to financial success in the Montana Gold Rush of the early 1860s. It was through copper that Clark truly made his fortune, though, and became known as one of the three “Copper Kings” of Butte Montana, along with Marcus Daly and F. Augustus Heinze. His 34-room mansion in Butte, Montana, still stands today as the “Copper King Bed and Breakfast.” However, the 34-room home in Butte was clearly just a practice run for the mansion he commissioned in 1897 at 960 Fifth Avenue, here in New York. The house, which included 121 rooms, 31 baths, four art galleries, a swimming pool, a concealed garage, and underground rail line to bring in heating coal was completed in 1911. Also known as “Clark’s Folly,” the home was considered among the more egregious examples of Gilded Age excess. The original plans, drafted by the French architect Henri Deglane initially outlined a home that would cost approximately $415,000 to build. In 1901, Clark deemed these insufficient, especially in regards to the provisions for his art gallery. As he had contracted with the New York firm of Lord, Hewllet & Hull to execute the work, he engaged the partners to acquire additional land and revise the plans, bringing the new designs to $2,500,000. Upon completion, the house was estimated to have actually cost $6 million dollars to construct (over $150 million in 2018), with several lawsuits thrown in the mix along the way In addition to the cost of the house, in support of the effort to build it, Clark also acquired a quarry in New Hampshire for $50,000, and built a railroad to transport the stone out of it; a bronze foundry in which to fabricate the fittings; and imported marble from Italy, oak from Sherwood Forrest in England, and parts of a Chateau from France for the interior. Senator Clark’s New York mansion took 14 years to build, and a mere 14 years after completion, on March of 1925, Clark succumbed to pneumonia and died at age 86. Interestingly enough, Clark’s art collection, which prompted the aforementioned expansion of his home before it was even built, sparked yet another controversy. In his will, Clark left the majority of the collection, valued at nearly $3 million in 1925 (just under $44 million today), to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, “conditional on providing and maintenance of the museum of a well-lighted gallery or galleries for the exclusive occupancy of these works of art, to be designated the William A. Clark collection.” The Metropolitan Museum in turn declined the bequest, on the grounds that they did not feel they could commit to fulfilling the conditional terms in perpetuity. The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, was quick to step in and accept the collection, which they held until their dissolution in 2014, and then was subsumed by the National Gallery of Art. The mansion went on the market not long after Clark’s death, as well, but few bidders stepped forward. The substance of the mansion – a hulking mass of marble and steel – was actually considered an encumbrance to potential buyers. In a time when more and more Gilded Ages mansions along upper Fifth Avenue, or “Millionaires’ Row,” were sold and demolished to make way for apartments, Clark’s mansion was deemed especially burdensome to dismantle and cart away. Finally, in February 1927, the property sold for under $3 million which was less than half that the cost of construction early in the 20th century. The majority of the selling price was attributed to the land itself. As noted earlier, this property was to become 960 Fifth Avenue, the 12 story luxury cooperative apartment house designed by Rosario Candela, which at the time was already advertising suites for sale up to $350,000 (over $5 million in 2018). Thus, the single mansion was demolished, and the many – or shall we say “mini” – mansions were built in its place.

109 and 111 East 79th Street, date unknown. An interesting mix of architectural styles, these mirror image mansions were commissioned by a set of sisters. Alice Martin McCoon and Edith Martin hired the firm of Foster, Gade & Graham to design the French Renaissance style homes. The sisters would live in the homes, while also leasing them out while they were traveling abroad. In 1920 Alice leased no. 109 to jeweler Pierre Cartier. In the 1950s, long after the sisters had passed away and the buildings had changed hands a number of time, they were converted into large apartments. During these alterations, the shared stoop was removed and the entrances were moved below the sidewalk level. Today the original doors have been converted to large, historically anachronistic windows.

995 Fifth Avenue ca. 1928 Though now a residential cooperative, 995 Fifth Avenue began its life as the Stanhope Apartment Hotel. Its architect, Rosario Candela crafted an elegant Georgian facade for the building and laid out the graceful apartments that would ensure the Stanhope's success. Though the ownership of the building was transferred multiple times, The Stanhope quickly acquired a reputation of luxury that remains to this day.

Construction on East 78th Street, February 2, 1928. At left is the entrance to No. 163-165 East 78th, the easternmost of five landmarked 1861 row houses. At right is the excavation site for No. 169 East 78th, a ten story apartment building completed in 1928.

Edward S. Harkness Residence ca. 1910 The latter-day town house on Fifth Avenue was indeed a splendid affair, complete with elevators, imported rooms, basements, subbasements, and quarters for legions of servants. This stone palazzo was built for the ages; one of the few Fifth Avenue mansions remaining.

Cultural Medallions are porcelainized enamel plaques affixed to the exterior of buildings, in order to commemorate an individual (or occurrence) that has made a significant contribution to New York City’s rich cultural heritage. These are the Cultural Medallions in Manhattan. See more from the Historic Landmarks Preservation Center here.

This mansion at 972 Fifth Avenue was designed by Stanford White in 1902 and was completed in 1906 shortly after White's murder. The house was built for the Payne Whitney family as a wedding gift from Payne Whitney's uncle, Oliver H. Payne. White drew inspiration from High Renaissance Italian palaces when designing the interior and exterior of this opulent home, which featured a Venetian themed reception, and a marble-clad rotunda with a Renaissance statue in the middle. In the 1990s, it was discovered that the statue was in fact a Michelangelo, unknowingly purchased by White in Italy. In 1952, the building was acquired by the French Embassy to host their cultural services.

East 82nd Street and Lexington Avenue, view of the northwest corner, October 29, 1912. Joseph Richardson was a wealthy contractor who had constructed portions of the Union Pacific Railroad. Despite work and wealth, he is best known as the builder of one of New York's only spite houses. In 1882 the small sliver of land at the northwest corner of 82nd Street and Lexington Avenue (102 feet long and 5 feet wide) was owned by Richardson's wife. Patrick McQuade and Hyman Sarner purchased the adjacent lots for the construction of apartment houses. They offered Richardson $1,000 for the small lot, which he felt was too low, and countered with an ask of $5,000. The developers refused and proceeded to break ground on their structure without the corner lot. During construction they approached Richardson again, offering the $5,000 he had originally desired. This time he declined. He stated that," he never gave a man more than one opportunity to buy anything from him, and that the strip was no longer for sale." Instead, a few weeks later, Richardson himself broke ground on a narrow structure on his lot, built with the express purpose of blocking the windows of McQuade and Sarnar's apartments. The resulting building (which gave the impression of being a single resident, but was actually a few tall houses) was completed five months before its neighbors. Richardson even moved into one. According to the New York Times: "Every room is less than five feet wide, and the dining table is only eighteen inches wide. Gas is unknown above the first floor, and water has to be carried by hand all over the building.” The bay windows, which were allowed on corner buildings, added for a slightly wider portion of the home. Richardson died in 1897. In 1905, C.A. Stein, then-owner of the corner structures, requested permission to fill in the area between the bay windows to widen the structure to nine feet for ground-floor retail. His request must have been approved, as this 1912 photograph depicts a tailoring business in a commercial space. The building caused some consternation in the planning for the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, as contractors worried about the cost and safety of shoring up the narrow buildings during the cut and cover street excavations. They needn't worry. Stein sold the lot to real estate developers Bing & Bing in 1915 and the structures were soon demolished. In 1915 an 11-story apartment building designed by Emery Roth replaced both the spite house and the apartments it was built to spite.

Parke-Bernet Galleries, ca. 1975. Designed by Walker & Poor in 1949, this simple limestone facade modern building was originally the home of the Parke-Bernet Galleries. For many years Parke-Bernet was the largest auctioneer of fine art in the United States. They were purchased by Sotheby's in 1964. The aluminum sculpture of two figures above the entrance is called "Venus Bringing the Arts to Manhattan," an appropriate depiction for a fine arts auction house. Designed by Wheeler Williams, the chest of the female figure extends into what is considered public space by 18 inches. Because of this intrusion, the building owner was originally forced to pay a $25 a year "rental" fee. (According to a 2006 New York Time article the cost of the rental that year had grown to $3,251.) Considered largely unremarkable architecturally by commenters on the city's built environment, the building had an additional (set back) story added in 1957, and Sotheby's moved out by the mid-1980s. In 2006, the owner considered a full renovation of the building and the addition of two oval-shaped glass towers for apartments. Being within the Upper East Side Historic District, this plan was weighed by the LPC and found wanting. The towers were never built.

1 East 75th Street ARCHITECT: Hale & Rogers DATE: 1907-08 STYLE: Italian Renaissance This imposing residence in the style of an Italian Renaissance palazzo is outstanding not only for the excellence of design and beauty of execution but also for a subtle richness of detail. Five stories high with basement and sub-basement, its dignity and quiet elegance are due in part to the large plain wall areas of Tennessee marble and the sparing but effective use of ornament.

Duke Town House ca. 1979 Originally the location of a mansion built in the mid 1880s for the railroad magnate, Henry H. Cook, James Buchanan Duke replaced that hulking mansion with one of his own in 1912. Duke, a tobacco and electric power industrialist, purchased the plot at the corner of 78th Street in 1909 and considered renovating the earlier building but decided against it. Completed in 1912 the new mansion, seen here, was designed by Philadelphia architect Horace Trumbauer. Trumbaur created for his client a near replica of the Hotel Lobottiere in Bordeaux, France. Interestingly it is believed by architectural historians that Trumbaur did not design this building solo, as had been previous suggested, but that Julian Abele, his African American lead designer, was highly involved. Duke died in 1925 and left the home to his wife and daughter. (He also left $40 million to Trinity College in North Carolina, under the direction that it be renamed Duke University.) Doris Duke, James' daughter, would go on to make a name for herself as an art collector, historic preservationist, and pioneer of the wildlife and environmental conservation movement. (She was also the first female competitive surfer!) In 1958 the home was donated to NYU's Institute of Fine Arts for its graduate programs and it remains in this function today. It has been been completed and sensitively restored by the University.

177-179 East 73rd Street CLIENT: Automobile Realty Co. ARCHITECT: Charles F. Hoppe DATE: 1906 The 177-179 East 73rd Street Building is a fine example of the type of commercial garage built in New York City during the early years of the 20th century, at a time when automobiles were beginning to supplant horses and carriages as the primary mode of private urban transportation. The garage was designed in 1906 in the fashionable Beaux-Arts style by Charles F. Hoppe for the Automobile Realty Co. With its bold massing and detailing, the building reflects a sophistication of design unusual for a utilitarian structure.

Yorkville Public Library, date unknown. The Yorkville branch of the New York Public Library was the very first Carnegie library to be constructed in New York City. It opened to the public in December of 1902. The grant of just over $5 million by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, for the construction of these civic institutions, was gifted to the city only three years earlier in 1899. The Carnegie funds would assist in the creation of 67 libraries in the five boroughs. This three-story structure, designed in a classically-inspired style, is notable as a fine example of Palladian architecture. Inspired by Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), who himself was inspired by the temple architecture of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the architect created a library with strict symmetrical design, minimal ornamentation, and four tall Ionic columns that frame the upper floors. The large, arched windows on first floor allowed for plenty of natural light, especially important as the library sits mid block. While some of the other firms (Carrère & Hastings and McKim, Mead & White) designed a number of Carnegie libraries, this was the only library designed by James Brown Lord, who passed away at the young age of 43, just before the library opened.

\*Ada Louise Huxtable (1921-2013), a native New Yorker, was a pioneer in architectural criticism, and a champion of livable cities. As the first full-time architecture critic at a major American newspaper (The New York Times created the position specifically for her in 1963), she won the first Pulitzer Prize for distinguished criticism in 1970, and helped redefine architecture in the public consciousness as “a very real and important art \[because] it affects us all so directly.” Her writing on architecture, urban design, and planning helped bring those topics into the popular consciousness, and encouraged New Yorkers to see the buildings around them as part of their lives. She championed “humanity of scale,” and buildings that were “integrated into life and use,” writing: “what counts more than style is whether architecture improves our experience of the built world; whether it makes us wonder why we never noticed places in quite this way before.” Huxtable helped us do exactly that. On this virtual tour of her New York, we will learn about her life, see buildings she praised and those she decried, and consider her legacy as a writer, an urbanist, and a champion of the collective work of city-making. \*Lucie Levine

10 East 76th Street, ca. 1910. No. 10, at center, is the James Brady house, the last in a row of ten four-story brownstone-fronted houses just off Central Park. Constructed in 1881 by speculative developer William Noble, and designed by architect John G. Prague, the facade seen here was a Beaux-Arts redesign by Schwartz & Gross completed in 1908. (Its original look can be seen in its neighbors at left.) The building at right (nos. 6 and 8) is the Ludlow-Parish Houses, a pair of separate mansions designed to look like one wide home. Completed in 1896, the the large shared drawing rooms of the homes served as the venue for the small 1905 wedding of F.D.R. and Eleanor Roosevelt, in which President Teddy Roosevelt (the bride's uncle) walked her down the aisle.

Row houses on East 78th Street, August 2, 1930. The row of five houses starting at center-left with No. 157 East 78th Street share party walls with their immediate neighbors, and were as a group designated a New York City Landmark in April, 1968. The row was built in 1861 for John Turner, a painter, who sold the residences to four separate buyers, with Mary Jane Maguaran purchasing the two easternmost structures, nos. 161 and 163-165 (both with window awnings). According to photographer P.L. Sperr, a "Mrs. Anna Drewnick in 1929 combined these buildings into a single spacious dwelling with a garden at the rear, at a cost of $175,000." However, this renovation is absent from the LPC designation report.

770 Park Avenue ca. 1930 Primarily made up of duplexes, this apartment building matched the exuberant asymmetrical massing of its Candela-designed neighbor across 73rd Street. Together, they demonstrate architect Rosario Candela's capacity to use similar materials, window treatments, and ornamentation to create buildings that synchronize with each other to create a harmonious urbanism, without being monotonous.

820 Park Avenue, ca. 1942.

Architect Rosario Candela designed 780 Park Avenue before the stock market crash of 1929, but construction came to a halt in the summer of 1930 due to the worsening depression. When construction resumed in 1931, its new developers changed the address to 778 Park Avenue to eliminate the odor of its former failure.

Church of St. Ignatius Loyola 980 Park Avenue parish hall/rectory: Patrick C. Keely, 1881-83 church: Schickel & Ditmars, 1895-1900, NYC IL school: Schickel & Ditmars, 1899-1900 – NYC HD, NR-P, NR-D One of the first institutions on Fourth Avenue was the parish of St. Lawrence O’Toole, which initially acquired property on both sides of the railroad tracks at East 84th Street. Its first building was erected in 1854. The parish, later incorporated as St. Ignatius Loyola (founder of the Jesuits in 1541), expanded in the 1880s, beginning with the construction of a four-story parish house and residence hall. The church itself was designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival, in homage to the architecture that was popular during St. Ignatius’ lifetime. It was one of the first houses of worship in the city to use steel roof beams and trusses for fireproofing. Its two upper towers were never realized. In 1899, the Loyola School was established to educate the sons of wealthy Catholics (it became co-educational in 1973), for which the limestone building at the corner of East 83rd Street was built.

Saint Jean Baptiste Church ARCHITECT: Nicholas Siracino DATE: 1910-13 STYLE: Church The principal facade on Lexington Avenue is a masterpiece of lively symmetry with a tasteful and intelligent statement and restatement of architectural motifs. A temple-front portico screens the central door of the three that gives access to the Church. Four free-standing Corinthian columns, on a high plinth, support a full entablature and pediment.

Lot on East 79th Street being prepared for the construction of No. 229; February 2, 1928.

Stuyvesant Fish House, 25 East 78th Street; ca. 1900. Stuyvesant Fish was born in 1851, the son of prominent New York politician Hamilton Fish, who was then a US Senator from New York and would later be appointed Secretary of State under President Ulysses S. Grant. Rather than politics, the junior Fish took to business: he became a director of the Illinois Central Railroad at age 26, and was later appointed its President. While Fish's tenure was immensely profitable and secured his family's fortune, it was his wife Mamie's knack for entertaining that earned their place at the apex of New York society. Mamie (Marion Graves Anthon Fish) was known for hosting over-the-top dinners and balls in New York and Newport, which were known to include vaudeville entertainment and appearances by rented live animals. (One notable event was given in honor of "Prince Del Drago of Corsica," who turned out to be a monkey. Another featured an elephant. You had to be there.) By the 1890s, the Fishes were ready to upgrade their Gramercy Park townhouse to a fashionable uptown address, and commissioned leading firm McKim, Mead & White to design a new mansion, fit for entertaining. The five-story Italian Renaissance-style palazzo was completed in 1898, and features intricate brickwork and carved limestone ornamentation. After Stuyvesant Fish died 1923, the 78th Street mansion passed to a series of owners: a French magazine, a private school, and, from 1952, the Atran Center for Jewish Culture of the Jewish Labor Committee. Since 2006, it has been owned by Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Church of St. Ignatius Loyola ARCHITECT: Schikel & Ditmars DATE: 1895-1900 STYLE: Seventeenth-Century Rome Monumental in scale and impressive in appearance, the Park Avenue facade of this dignified Twentieth Century Church reflects the classical style of Seventeenth-Century Rome. The symmetrical masonry exterior of Limestone, severely austere In character, is generously enriched by the carved decoration of the highest quality.

Duke Town House, January 20, 1938 In the 1870s, upper Fifth Avenue opposite Central Park was a shanty town, but by World War I it had become “millionaire’s row,” lined with the mansions of the captions of industry. Constructed to last for centuries, these urban villas soon gave way to apartment buildings, as the wealthy chose the ease of apartment living over the costs and constraints of palace life. Abbott’s photograph of the mansion of tobacco king James B. Duke contrasted these two ways of life. Built in 1912 to resemble a French chateau, the house was occupied in 1938 by Duke’s widow. Across 78th Street was 969 Fifth Avenue, a new 15-story luxury apartment building. In 1958, the Duke house became New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts.

133 East 80th Street ca. 1944 Though its Lexington home perhaps isn't as glamorous as Park or Fifth, 133 East 80th Street remains as lovely as any of architect Rosario Candela's buildings. Designed in 1929 for the developer Moses Ginsburg, 133 East 80th was built out of a varied series of limestone blocks that follows the building up its set backs to the top. A change in zoning laws allowed Candela to build a romantic, castle-like tower atop 133 with crenellations, spires, and the like. Catering as always to luxury, Candela designed the building for 20 families, with apartments ranging from the spacious to the palatial. However by its completion in 1930, only 60% of apartments had been sold.

775 Park Avenue ca. Built in 1927, 775 Park Avenue served to cement architect Rosario Candela's reputation for creating ultra luxury apartment buildings. Containing no less than 4 maisonettes (each with their own street level entrance), this limestone and brick structure's Italian Renaissance design falls in line with Rosario Candela's style of a restrained exterior hiding the vast apartments and homes within.