OSBOURNE APARTMENTS INTERIOR, MANHATTAN Address: 205 West 57th Street New York, NY 10019 Constructed:1885 The Osbourne’s interior is a remarkable gem within the bustle of ever-changing 57th Street in Manhattan. Completed in 1885, the building’s intact interior is evocative of the panache and glimmer that defined the Gilded Age. The space glows with warmth with and opulence, featuring Italian marble wainscoting and carved marble recesses with benches. The floors are mosaic tiles and marble, and the arched ceiling is treated in vibrant in hues of red, blue and gold. Designed to resemble a vertically-extended Renaissance palazzo, the Osborne, built in 1883-85, is the second oldest luxury apartment building in New York--preceded by the venerable Dakota. The building is a massive rectangular structure constructed of heavy Romanesque-Revival-inspired rock-faced stone blocks. The architect of the Osborne, James Edward Ware (1846-1917), frequently combined Renaissance and Romanesque elements to his work. Ware practiced in New York for many years, establishing his office in 1869 and joining in partnership with sons Franklin and Arthur in 1899. Ware was an extremely versatile architect, designing buildings for many different uses. The Osbourne is named for Thomas Osborne, a stone contractor who began the construction of the apartment building in 1883. Unfortunately, the cost of the building led Osborne to bankruptcy and the structure was completed by John Taylor, a hotel developer who had lent Osborne money. The Taylor family retained control of the Osborne until 1961, when it became a cooperative. Because of its location, the Osborne has long been known as the "residential Carnegie Hall" and has been home to such musical and theatrical luminaries as Leonard Bernstein, Van Cliburn, Shirley Booth, Lynn Redgrave, and Gig Young. Reflecting the influence of an Italian Renaissance palazzo, the Osborne is horizontally divided into four symmetrical sections, each of which was originally crowned by a cornice. The modest cornice at the top of the building has been removed and the lower two cornices have lost their classical balustrades. On 57th Street the cornices do not continue across the entire facade, reflecting the presence of a 1906 addition by owner/architect Alfred S.G. Taylor at the western end of the building. The distinctive stone facing and the subtly curving bays, as well as the bartizan-like forms at the corners, are among the notable features of the facades. The major portion of the Osborne has eleven floors, but the rear, visible on Seventh Avenue, has fifteen stories, creating duplex levels for many of the apartments. The street level has been altered for commercial use. The Osborne has a sumptuous ground floor interior. The entrance vestibule and the lobby have ornate mosaics, marble, leaded glass, gold-leafed ornament, coffered ceilings, and murals. The design is attributed to John LaFarge, the noted 19th-century American artist.

"Upwardly mobile, both literally and figuratively, in 1877 Belle Huntington moved with seven-year-old Archer from 109 Lexington Avenue, near 28th Street, to a large house uptown at 4 West 54th Street. By now a studious autodidact, passionately interested in art and interior design, she gutted the house, added a wing, and installed a stunning array of opulent features, including rosewood paneling, a stained glass skylight, brocade wall coverings, a Moorish smoking room, Turkish bath, Japanese bedroom and — the piece de resistance — one of the first Otis elevators in a private home. In June 1884, in her parlor, Arabella Yarrington Worsham married the recently widowed Collis P. Huntington — for the second time… Shortly after her wedding, Belle sold her furnished house on 54th Street to John D. Rockefeller, Sr. who, except for new carpets, barely changed a thing. And so Belle’s exuberant and imaginative Gilded Age decor remained intact until shortly after Rockefeller’s death in 1937, when his son demolished the building to make way for the construction of the Museum of Modern Art." Continue reading Margaret A. Brucia's profile of Archer Milton Huntington (co-founder of The Hispanic Society of America and other cultural institutions) in Gotham: A Blog for Scholars of New York City History.

250 West 57th Street, 1938.

U.S.S Main Monument, 1913. On February 15, 1898 the USS Maine, sitting in Havana Harbor, exploded, killing 266 sailors. Using the anti-Spanish sentiment, newspapers fanned the flames of horror and anger among Americans. In April of that year President William McKinley declared war on Spain. Newspaperman William Randolph Hearst, whose sensationalist yellow journalism had agitated the negative public opinion towards Spain, initiated a public fund to install a memorial almost immediately after the tragedy . The successful, but drawn out, fundraising campaign included benefits and collections taken up by groups large and small, from school drives to a ritzy Opera House event. The monument itself was created by architect Harold Van Buren Magonigle and sculptor Attilio Piccirilli and was to stand over 60 feet. More than 10 years after the explosion, with more than $100,000 raised, both the design and the location were confirmed. After an earlier rejection (fearing competition with the Columbus Statue), a site just within Central Park near the corner of 59th Street and Central Park West was approved. On Memorial Day 1913 the monument was dedicated in front of a crowd of thousands of the citizens and more than 10,000 sailors and soldiers. As the monument was uncovered, a 252 gun salute rang out from the Navy boats in the harbor.

Columbus Circle ca. 1936 From the ninth floor of the General Motors Building on West 58th Street, Abbott photographed Columbus Circle through the back of the Schenley Rye neon sign mounted on the New York Journal Building. The Circle’s statue of Columbus, erected in 1892 to commemorate the quadricentennial of his ocean voyage, occupies the center of the photograph but is dwarfed by an even more popular landmark, the Coca-Cola sign standing atop the American Circle Building. The dominance of the commercial signs over the Columbus statue emphasizes modern advertising’s subversion of traditional civic imagery. In a variant image, Abbott adopted a horizontal format and boldly superimposed the Schenley sign over the entire cityscape, totally obscuring the panorama. In 1964, Huntington Hartford’s iconoclastic Museum of Modern Art replaced the New York Journal Building. Two years later, the 44-story Gulf and Western Tower replaced the American Circle Building along with the much-loved Coca-Cola sign.

Alvin Theatre, September 1935. Built in 1927 as the Alvin Theatre, the Broadway house was designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp for the developer and real estate mogul Alexander Pincus. The name Alvin was a portmanteau of the names of producers Alex Aarons and Vinton Freedley. The theatre opened with a premiere of George and Ira Gershwin's 'Funny Face' with Fred and Adele Astaire. Gershwin also had his best known musical 'Porgy and Bess' premiere here in 1935. The theatre was renamed for playwright Neil Simon in 1977, after the Nederlander Organization bought the building. In the 1980s the Landmarks Preservation Commission designated a number of Broadway Theatres, including this one (in 1985).

One of three sculptures commemorating Latin American leaders, the Simon Bolivar monument celebrates the military general who helped liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Panama from Spanish rule. This statue is the third iteration commissioned by the Venezuelan government in a worldwide competition. It was dedicated on April 19, 1921.

James J. and Josephine Goodwin Residence ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White; Charles F. McKim; William Mead DATE: 1896-98 STYLE: Neo-Georgian This distinguished residence was built in 1896-98 for James Junius Goodwin, a prominent New York businessman. Designed in the neo-Georgian style by the firm of McKim, Mead & White, it is a handsome reminder of the fashionable townhouses that once characterized the West Fifties between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and is one of an ensemble of five townhouses on West 54th Street.

The Albermarle, ca. 1975. Opened in 1903 as the Hotel Carlton, this Beaux Arts structure stood 11 stories and hosted some of the city's high society. Over the next few decades, the hotel saw numerous name changes, broken windows from no less than two underground explosions (1912 and 1913), and thousands of tenants, well-behaved and overwise. In the mid-1920s former actress and speakeasy proprietor Mary Louise Cecelia "Texas" Guinan opened Club Intime in the basement of the then-Hotel Harding. Despite Prohibition, the club served alcohol and featured scantily clad entertainment. (Upon her many arrests for liquor law violations, she always insisted her wealthy patrons brought their own liquor.) Dorothy Parker and her friends enjoyed drinking here. Club Intime closed and was soon replaced with a new spot which was just as notorious (this time as a mob hangout). Renovated by Emery Roth in 1936, the hotel became a more traditional apartment house and today goes by one of its earlier names, The The Albemarle. The cozy bar in the building now called The Flute has hosted social events for the Dorothy Parker Society for more than 20 years.

The Museum of Primitive Art (far left, No. 15), Nelson Rockefeller townhouse (second from left, No. 13), ca. 1971 Rockefeller, the four-term Governor of New York and Vice President under Gerald Ford, founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954, in one of two twin townhouses he owned on West 54th Street. In 1979, he died of a heart attack at 13 West 54th Street. Rockefeller's death became something of a tabloid scandal after it emerged that he died not at his Rockefeller Center office, as initial reports had claimed, but at an office in the West 54th Street townhouse, where he had been in the company of a younger female aide. The buildings at center and right are the Rhodes School (Nos. 9-11) and No. 7 West 54th Street.

Jack and Charlie's "21," date unknown The story of the bar that ended up here at 21 West 52nd Street began downtown. Cousins Jack Kriendler and Charlie Berns opened a speakeasy called the Red Head on East 4th Street in 1922. Jack and Charlie's venture moved to 88 Washington Place (it was called the Fronton here) and then 42 West 49th Street (called the Puncheon Club here). The Puncheon Club became one of the most popular speakeasies in town, with famous actors, artists, and politicians as regulars. They were forced out of their 49th Street digs by the development of Rockefeller Center in the late 1920s. Reopened as "Jack and Charlie's 21" here circa 1930, the club continued its illicit activities. They had clever ways to avoid detection. If the case of a raid, employees would push a button to enact a system of levers used to tip the shelves of the bar, sweeping the bottles down a chute and into the city's sewer system. After Prohibition ended the venue continued as a bar (legally) and restaurant. Supposedly a number of celebrities and politicians (JFK, Elizabeth Taylor, Sammy Davis, Jr. to name a few) have stored their personal wine collections here. Known today at the 21 Club, the 37 jockeys that line the facade remain (and even got a restoration in 2015).

Columbus Circle ca. 1918 Max Schreyer traveled around the United States and Europe making a name for himself by riding a bicycle down a wooden chute, launching himself into the air and landing in a tank of water. Photographer William Hassler was there for the event at Broadway and 59th Street on November 27, 1918. Schreyer succeeded on that day, but six months later, performing in Van Cortlandt Park, his famous “Leap of Death” finally proved fatal

My Archive Summer 2019 "In 1996 we got married at the now-demolished Roseland Ballroom off Times Square.. the first and last time our names were on a Marquis. We finally found a place to host 600 people at an affordable rate. This old dance hall had seen better days but we all fit in. It was a hoot." —Brocha Metzger @gothamfairytales

American Fine Arts Society ARCHITECT: Henry J. Hardenbergh DATE: 1891-92 The arched, main entrance doorway is well decorated, being flanked by tall, ornate, candelabra-like spindles executed in stone. The surface, surrounding the three gracefully arched second floor windows, is embellished with rich decoration, and these three arches are likewise separated by large sculptured stone spindles. Above them, on the third floor, three triple windows with mullions are flanked by pilasters, decorated with a profusion of detail. A balustrade, adorned with delicate urns, and the low pitched red-tiled roof add a touch of stability and color to this distinguished building.

Ziegfeld Theatre, ca. 1927. Constructed in 1927 by architect Joseph Urban, the Ziegfeld Theatre was the William Randolph Hearst-funded brainchild of Florenz Ziegfeld. Urban had also been a set designer for the Ziegfeld Follies in the 1910s and as a movie designer for Hearst's production company in the 1920s. The theatre was owned and managed by Ziegfeld until his death in 1932, at which point it became a movie theatre. In 1943 theatre impresario, showman and lyricist Billy Rose purchased the building for his productions. He remained successful in this location for about a decade but business declined in the mid 1950s, likely due to its location further uptown than the popular theatre district. Rose leased the space for filming television shows starting in 1955, and reopened it a Broadway theatre for a brief stint in 1965. He also purchased some adjacent lots in the hopes of selling to a developer. He died in 1966 and his estate did just that. A skyscraper was built on the site, which from 1969 until 2016 included a single screen movie theatre called "The Ziegfeld." The 1927 theatre was a gorgeous Art Deco limestone building with a bowed facade decorated with classically based ornamentation rendered in Deco and modernist forms. The large oval shaped auditorium, which sat 1660 patrons, was topped by a colorful mural of overlapping medieval, biblical, and literary scenes on the ceiling.

Central Substation, IND Subway, entrance detail, ca. 1994. Much of the infrastructure for the IND subway lines are designed in an Art Deco syle owing to their construction in the late 1920s and 1930s. This Central Substation was the largest of the IND powerhouses. The building is four-stories and constructed of a tan brick. Completed in 1932, the Art Deco lettering and ornamentation above the doors and at the roofline still remains.

Built on the site of the Capitol Theater, the Uris Building was built in 1970. Designed by Emery Roth and Sons, the 48 story tower was developed and owned by the Uris brothers. Following a series of vacancies in the 70s, the building was sold to Paramount.

Americana Hotel, ca. 1970. Constructed on the plot that was once occupied by a massive Moorish castle-esque warehouse, the Americana of New York was one of the tallest hotels in the world when completed in 1962. It was also the first hotel with over 1000 rooms to be built since the Waldorf-Astoria in 1931. Designed by Morris Lapidus, better known for his "Miami Modern" style, the Americana was rendered in a bent slab style with some modern flourishes at the ground level entrance. The hotel hosted famous performers at its supper club, The Royal Box. It also was the location for a number of political events, serving as Democratic headquarters for the 1976 Democratic National Convention and 1980 Democratic National Convention. In early November 1972, Brooklyn Congressman Shirley Chisholm stood up in front of 1300 supporters to announce her intention to run for the Presidency. The hotel still stands today as the Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel and remains one of the tallest hotels in the world.

Gainsborough Studios ARCHITECT: Charles W. Buckham DATE: 1907-08 The Gainsborough Studios is a rare surviving example of artists’ cooperative housing, a building type popular in Manhattan for a brief period in the early twentieth century. Built during the heyday of its type, in 1907-08, the Gainsborough provided both living and working spaces. The handsome, distinctive design of the building reflects its unusual purpose. Large, double-height windows provide an abundance of northern light to the artists’ studios. Designed, managed and inhabited by artists, the building was given artistic connotations via its name and the proliferation of exterior ornament.

Art Deco architecture flourished in Europe and the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Spurred by the 1925 Paris exhibition Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes which boasted over 16 million visitors, structures such as the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building began dotting the New York City skyline. The following are photos from MCNY's collection that struck me as particularly beautiful in their exemplification of Art Deco architecture.

Alvin Theater ARCHITECT: Herbert J. Krapp DATE: 1926-27 STYLE: Neo-Georgian, Adamesque The Alvin Theater survives today as one of the historic theaters that symbolize American theater for both New York and the nation. It was designed for Alex Aarons and Vinton Freedley, producers of some of Broadway’s most successful musical comedies. The facade designed for the Alvin by Herbert J. Krapp, the most prolific designer of Broadway theaters, is an exceptionally handsome neo-Georgian design. This facade, based on elegant proportions and Adamesque detailing, distinguished the theater headquarters of Aarons and Freedley, and as such represents a special aspect of the nation’s theatrical history. The Alvin Theater Interior was designed in Adamesque style. The elegant Adamesque detailing distinguished the theater headquarters of Aarons and Freedley, a company that produced some of Broadway’s most successful musical comedies. It represents a special aspect of the nation’s theatrical history.

Rockefeller Apartments ARCHITECT: Harrison & Fouilhoux DATE: 1935-37 STYLE: Apartment Rockefeller Apartments were commissioned by John D. Rockefeller,Jr., and Nelson Rockefeller. Rockefeller Apartments changed the current standards in apartment house planning, giving 15 percent more space to light and air than required by the building codes. Other apartment house plans sought only to provide the maximum number of livable and rentable rooms using every available inch.

Manhattan Storage, 1936. Constructed in 1899 as a warehouse for the Manhattan Storage Company, this massive building was designed by the firm of J. E. Ware & Son. Ware was most famously known as the creator of the "dumbbell" or "old law" design of New York City tenement buildings. He won a tenement design contest in 1879 organized by a magazine in response to the new housing law that required air shafts.

Museum of Modern Art, 1976. The Museum of Modern Art began as the brainchild of three women in 1929: Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Lillie P. Bliss, and Mary Quinn Sullivan. The women rented rooms in the Heckscher building on Fifth Avenue with the idea of creating a museum that championed modern art, especially the new European modernist artists. Bringing in A. Conger Goodyear as the museum's president as well as other influential trustees, Rockefeller and co were able to open to the public in November of 1929. Abby's husband (John D. Rockefeller Jr.) wouldn't pay for the endeavor as it began and the Museum had several temporary sites after the Heckscher building, including Rockefeller Center. However, he eventually donated land for MOMA's permanent (and current) home. It was in 1939 that the MOMA's new site, notable for architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durrell Stone's international design, opened to the public

Rodin Studios, 1922. Conceived as a studio-residence for prosperous artists in the 1910s, the Rodin Studios were the project of painter John Fry, his wife Georgia Timkey Fry, and painter Lawton S. Parker. Named for the sculptor Auguste Rodin, the architect Cass Gilbert designed a striking Gothic facade clad in sculptural terra cotta. When completed in 1917, the building included retail and offices on the lower floors for additional income. The upper floors were studios, studios with adjacent living spaces, and duplex apartments. In 1926 novelist Theodore Dreiser and his wife moved into the Rodin. They held a weekly Thursday night gathering of a diverse cross section of New York society, inviting financial tycoons, writers, artists, critics and social scientists. By the turn of the 21st century most of Gilbert's interiors were long gone. The ornate exterior was in bad condition, with chucks of terra cotta falling to the streets below. The building underwent a massive restoration. 235 historic wood window were renovated and terra cotta sections were replaced with new casts. Finally the 8-foot tall cornice was removed and replaced with new structural steel and glass fiber reinforced concrete replicas.

Alwyn Court, February 15, 1938. A 12-story apartment building, Alwyn Court was a ''studio palace'' co-op built between 1907 and 1909. Dreamed up by the artist Walter Russell (who would leave the project early) and developer Alwyn Ball Jr, the building was designed by the architects Harde & Short. Led by Ball's vision, the apartment house became one of the most luxurious in the city. A 32-room duplex within the building was listed at $22,000 per year. The mostly iconic feature of the building though was the intricate terra cotta facade. Created by the Atlantic Terra Cotta Company the entrance includes Gothic details while the rest is of French Renaissance styling. The building was advertised as an appropriate residential replacement for costly private homes. (Apartments were still palatial. They required less staff. And repairs were taken care of quickly by building staff!) Some of the original residents included Jacob Wertheim, president of United Cigar Stores, and Frederick Steinway, president of the piano company. Though popular in the 1910s, the building was largely empty by the late1930s. The building's owners foreclosed and the building was gutted, with 75 smaller apartments replacing to two dozen original ones, and major alterations of the facade. In the 1980s the building went through a co-op conversion. The facade, though spectacular, has required a near constant effort of regular and continual cleaning and replacing damaged sections.

Sperry-Rand Building, September 11, 1963. Designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons, the massive Sperry-Rand Building, completed in 1963, stand 43-stories high and includes two million square feet of space. In the 1970s the Sperry Corporation, which had been founded in Brooklyn in 1910 to manufacture navigation equipment, sold typewriters, office equipment, electronic digital computers for business and the military, farm and aviation equipment, and consumer products like razors. These items were each produced under their own separate businesses but they formed the Sperry conglomerate.

Each month the Landmarks Conservancy highlights New York City’s extraordinarily rich architectural heritage by featuring a different building style or function. As the City we love continues to reopen we are proud to celebrate the return of Broadway and the magic of live theater and will feature many of the majestic houses that have hosted iconic music and memorable performances across the decades.

Alwyn Court Offering a complete contrast to many contemporary buildings which are totally devoid of ornament, this structure has scarcely one square inch of surface which is not decorated. The salamander, symbol of Francois I, is much in evidence, and most of the ornament here employed is that borrowed from Italy during the early phase of the French Renaissance.

Hotel St. Moritz, 1932. The Hotel St. Moritz (seen at center) was designed by Emery Roth and constructed in 1930. The 36-story hotel is highly ornamented at the base and the upper floors, while the middle of the building is largely plain. W. Parker Chase described the hotel in his book, "New York, The Wonder City, 1932", "a picturesque cliff, amidst towering trees to the north, and other soaring skyscrapers to the south." Named for a Swiss resort town, the hotel offered long-term and short-term residence. It quickly became a popular hotel among professional athletes and theatrical figures. In the 1930s the hotel add the Café de la Paix, a sidewalk cafe that claimed to the be city's first. In 1950 the hotel underwent a complete redesign and renovation, updating the interiors to a mid-century style. The hotel's Rumpelmayer’s Café offered guests and visitors pricey coffee and ice cream. The hotel was sold a number of times in the last decades of the 20th century with its owners including Harry Helmsey and Donald Trump. Trump had plans to encase the facade in glass, gut the interiors, and convert it to condos. That plan was thwarted by a new buyer in 1999. Changing hands a few times once again, the building was finally purchased and converted into a Ritz-Carlton hotel-condominium. During this conversion the deteriorated ornamentation at the topmost floors were stripped and replaced with copies of the originals. Though the windows replacement was non-historic, the conversion was generally historically sympathetic (for a non-landmark building).

240 Central Park South ARCHITECT: Mayer & Whittlesey DATE: 1939-40 STYLE: Art Deco This is a significant and innovative complex that represents the transition between 1930s Art Deco style apartment towers with courtyards (characteristic of Central Park West) and post-World War II “modernist” apartment houses. The architects were particularly skillful in adapting their plan to a highly prominent and complex site, with frontages along Central Park South, Columbus Circle, Broadway and West 58th Street. The complex consists of a 20-story, C-shaped-in-plan building (with an 8-story tower), facing Central Park, connected by ground-story lobbies and rounded shopfronts (following the diagonal of Broadway) to a 15-story building to the south.

Sixth Avenue El demolition at 50th Street, 1939. Constructed in the 1870s, the Sixth Avenue El was the second elevated line erected in the city (after the Ninth Avenue El). After nearly 60 years of shadowing Sixth Avenue, shaking its adjacent buildings, and dropping all sorts of debris from its tracks, the Sixth Avenue El's death knell was sounded when the city began work on the underground Sixth Avenue Line in 1936. The city purchased the line for $12.5 million and made plans for its demolition. Following a loud and boisterous trip, as passengers stripped the train car for souvenirs, the final IRT Sixth Avenue Elevated train rumbled into the station at 53rd Street and Eighth Avenue at 11:26pm on December 4, 1938. The last passengers made off with destination signs, light bulbs, and straps, all the while smoking cigarettes in flagrant disregard of the printed signage (which was likely stolen too)! The process of razing the elevated structure began in early 1939. The Wurts Brothers captured this crowded process of demolition at 50th Street. The IND Sixth Avenue Line opened in December 1940, two years and one week after the elevated ceased operations.

13 West 54th Street House (far left) ARCHITECT: Henry J. Hardenbergh DATE: 1896-97 This handsome townhouse was built in 1896-97 as one of a pair with No. 15 West 54th Street for William Murray, a prominent businessman from Larchmont, New York. Designed in a Renaissance-inspired style by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, the residence is a distinguished example of the fashionable townhouses that once characterized the West Fifties between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and is one of an ensemble of five townhouses on West 54th Street.

Completed in 1961, the Equitable Life Assurance Building was designed in the International style by the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (architects of Lever House and the Manufacturers Hanover Trust, among others). With this new building, the Equitable Company moved uptown from its long-held (and disaster-tinged) location at 120 Broadway. The building includes a 42-story main tower and a 14-story mid-block wing. Rendered in a glass curtain wall with low profile aluminum spandrels, the building appears to have a glassier facade than it truly does. The occupancy of the building was well announced with massive lighted signage at the top floors. Once reading Equitable, the lighted sign now declares UBS the building's major tenant.

The monument to Christopher Columbus in what we now call Columbus Circle was one of the dozens of monuments erected in the Americas and Europe to mark the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ voyage, but this one was especially significant to New York’s growing Italian American population. Led by Carlo Barsotti, publisher of the newspaper Il Progresso Italo-Americano, the Italian American community raised funds and paid for the monument itself. At the time, Columbus, born in Genoa, was perhaps the most widely celebrated figure of Italian descent in the United States. As Italian immigrants faced discrimination and struggled to forge an identity in their new home, many found in Columbus a symbol of both Italian heritage and American pride. At the unveiling, on October 12, 1892, Luigi Palma di Cesnola addressed the 10,000 people in attendance: "The countrymen of Columbus, the Italians resident and citizens in the United States, conscious indeed that his true monument is this great land, its institutions, its prosperity, its blessings, its lessons of advance for all humanity, have yet desired to testify, to at least the present generation, their full and unfailing sense of their great peculiar debt. They have procured, in contributions great and small, but uniformly large in spirit, the execution of this monument; and they have erected and presented it in token of their affection and gratitude to this great and beloved country; the country in which they have found a permanent home, a more congenial form of government, and better and freer facilities honorably to earn their livelihood."

Chickering Hall, the American Piano Company (Ampico) building, West 57th Street; January 1, 1925.

1790 Broadway, 1915. Completed in 1912 for the United States Rubber Company, this building stood on the stretch of Broadway from Times Square to 70th Street known as "Automobile Row." U.S. Rubber, desiring to make a statement in this automotive center, commissioned architects Carrère and Hastings, having just completed the Fifth Avenue New York Public Library, to design their headquarters. The result is the dignified building that remains today, faced with Vermont marble. Unfortunately, a 1951 sale of the building to the West Side Saving Banks prompted the destruction of the facade of the bottom two floors in favor of an incongruous international style infill. Though a later restoration did not end up restoring the lost facade as planned, the rest of Carrère & Hastings building remains historically intact.

Museum of Modern Art, 1939. In 1929, Lillie P. Bliss, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and Mary Quinn Sullivan founded the Museum of Modern Art to encourage and promote the schools of modern art developing abroad. The museum's 1939 glass-and-steel building, designed by Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durrell Stone, remains a striking architectural presence in the museum.

Roxy Theatre ca. 1932 One of the great, lost movie theaters of New York City, the RKO Roxy Theatre was like a little sibling to Radio City Music Hall, both of which opened in December 1932 on the Sixth Avenue side of Rockefeller Center. It wasn’t as large or as sumptuous as Radio City, but it still boasted a distinctively elegant Art Deco design. Intended to be a movie palace, it claimed to have the largest chandelier in the world in its auditorium, and when visitors weren’t busy enjoying the entertainment, they could descend from the Grand Foyer to the Grand Lounge in the theater’s basement. In spite of the building’s charms, however, it was never a great commercial success. Known as the Center Theater for most of its existence, it tried hosting live shows, television broadcasts, and even some ice skating, before eventually being demolished in 1954.

Sohmer Piano Showroom, 1922. This lot on 57th Street was once occupied by the Rothschild mansion, a 19th century brownstone-fronted Italianate rowhouse. In the 1910s as this neighborhood was moving from residential buildings to commercial structures, Sohmer Piano Company leased the plot at no. 31. The rowhouse was demolished and a new six-story commercial building was erected for the piano firm. Randolph H. Almiroty designed a Italian-inspired facade that fit in well with the look of its neighbors. This location was well known from 1985 until 2014 as the home of the Rizzoli Bokstore. The bookstore was forced to relocate in 2014 ahead of plans to demolish the building and its neighbors for a new large building.

Russian Tea Room, c. 1935. The Russian Tea Room opened in 1927 as an after-hours hangout for the Russian Imperial Ballet and other ex-patriots. The restaurant, with an elite club-like atmosphere, was supposedly founded by a Jacob Zysman though 1929 records list dancer Albertina Rach as its president. The room opened at 145 West 57th Street but moved across the street to 150 West 57th Street after a short while. Before the tea room, this property was an Italianate brownstone residence owned by John F. Pupke. Originally, the building had a stoop occupying the ground floor, though this was removed in 1919 when an automobile showroom moved in. A 1988 issue of the New York Times called it a "brownstone peanut," compared to its towering modern-day neighbors. Kitty-corner of Carnegie Hall, the restaurant was known for its colorful clientele. A pamphlet for the establishment stated, "for more often than not the artist will come to the Russian Tea Room Restaurant straight from the performance, flowers and all." A Siberian émigré, Alexander "Sasha" Maeef is credited as orchestrating this lush environment. He took over the business from 1933 until 1946. In these formative years, patrons could find Russian luxuries like caviar on blini, chicken kiev, and pelmeni. Maeef sold the restaurant to first-generation Russian-American Sidney Kaye, who cloaked the establishment in the kitschy themed rooms that still exist today. Only the facade received a re-do in 2000 that divorced it from its brownstone past. The Russian Tea Room closed in 2002 but re-opened in 2006 with no visible update. Over the years, it has been visited by Michael Douglas, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Jackie Kennedy, Anne Bancroft, Barbara Streisand, and Dustin Hoffman.

University Club ARCHITECT: McKim, Mead & White; Charles F. McKim DATE: 1896-1900 STYLE: Italian Renaissance The University Club on its conspicuous corner site is one of the most handsome buildings on Fifth Avenue. Although this granite building of stately and noble proportions closely resembles a sixteenth-century Italian Renaissance palazzo, its exterior displays a combination of original architectural features. The handsome facade is divided into three main horizontal divisions separated by two strongly defined band courses. Each of the three divisions contains a row of large arched windows.

Gallo Theatre, 1928. Opened as the Gallo Opera House in 1927, the theatre at West 54th Street has a long, varied, and unique history. Both early opera and straight play productions were commercial flops in the Eugene De Rosa-designed theatre. Sold in foreclosure less than two years after opening, the building became the New Yorker Theatre and a WPA Federal Music Project venue in the 1930s. Renamed Studio 52 in 1943 when purchased by CBS (the number had nothing to do with the street address), the space hosted radio and TV productions through the 1970s, including What's My Line?, The $64,000 Question, and The Jack Benny Show. In 1977 the building entered its most famed period as the nightclub Studio 54, a glitzy, glamorous, celebrity-filled disco. Studio 54 closed in 1986. Occupied by other clubs and concert venues through the late 1980s and 1990s, the theatre was restored to much of its architectural grandeur in 1994 (the nightclub owners had covered or painted black much of the interior). It was leased by the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1998 for a production of Cabaret and was purchased by Roundabout in 2003.

The Hearst Magazine Building was designed by Joseph Urban and George B. Post for William Randolph Hearst between 1926 and 1927. The building would be Hearst's many publication's headquarters in Columbus Circle, what he considered the up-and-coming theater district in Manhattan. The project marks Hearst's ambitions to turn Columbus Circle into an urban center parallel to Times Square. Hearst moved to New York in 1895 after a successful overhaul of his father's publication, the San Francisco Examiner. His techniques of yellow-journalism made the paper sell quickly, and Hearst carried this style of work to his newest purchase in New York, the Morning Journal. He quickly outran his competitor, Joseph Pulitzer, by decreasing the price of his paper and eventually picking up a share of Pulitzer's employees. When he wanted to design a new headquarters for the Journal and his 72 other acquired companies, he hired the architect of Pulitzer's World Building, George B. Post. Hearst had amassed 150 million dollars in profit by 1926 when he set out to build his grand headquarters. Joseph Urban, the other architect of the project, was a Viennese theater designer who had decorated the Abdeen Palace in Cairo when he was just 19 years old before studying under secessionist architect Otto Wagner. Urban had been introduced to Hearst after designing the set of "Follies," which he had seen years prior. George B. Post, the "commercial architect" of the project was to guide it to become the grand and tall structure Hearst had desired for his company. The building is moored with Art Deco, Secessionist, and Baroque tones, as well as Classical allusions. It encompasses an entire city block. Its six "sculpture groups" decorate the fourth floor of the building, and were designed by German immigrant Henry Kreis. The allegorical figures are meant as representations of the disciplines which the building housed: Comedy and Tragedy, Music and Art, Sport and Industry, and Printing and Sciences. The building's auditorium would showcase a variety of musical and theatrical events, as per Hearst's interest. The six-story building had been planned from the beginning as a base to a larger tower. This is reflected in the structure of the building and the fact that it contains six elevator shafts - double what was typical for a building of this height. The tower addition was prepared by George B. Post in 1946, but the plans were never realized. It wouldn't be until 2004 that a tower, designed by Sir Norman Foster, would top off the Hearst Magazine Building.

In October 1892 the Italian government dedicated this granite monument with its depiction of the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria, to the people of America. The statue of Columbus which now tops the monument was placed there two years later. The Tichenor Riding School, prominent in this card, was one of the many Upper West Side riding stables whose close proximity to Central Park made the location ideal for horseback riding. The building was razed in the late 1960s.

Central Park Apartments, 59th Street ca. 1828 The Central Park Apartments, otherwise known as the Spanish or Navarro Flats for its developer Jose F. De Navarro, was praised as “the most vast, complete, and permanent apartment houses ever as yet erected in any country.” Stretching 425 feet along the southern edge of Central Park on 59th Street, east of Seventh Avenue, the massive 10-story complex “in the “Moorish style” was composed of eight smaller separate buildings, each named after a Spanish city. Navarro financed his project creatively, according to American Architect and Building News, intending “to erect the buildings in his own name, and sell the apartments absolutely to those who wished to occupy them by means of trust-deeds and perpetual leases.” The buildings could be constructed one by one, and the sale of the finished apartments paid for the construction of the next. The first four buildings—the Madrid, Lisbon, Barcelona, and Cordova—were built in 1883, and the Valencia, Granada, Salamanca, and Tolosa were completed in 1885. The complex was designed by French-born architect Philip Hubert and his firm, Hubert Pirsson & Co., who were credited with originating the cooperative apartment system as well as the duplex-apartment layout in New York. The cooperative apartment system, commenced in 1880, allowed residents to partially and collectively invest in ownership of the building. Each building contained twelve apartments, some of which included up to three floors and up to six bedrooms, a parlor, living room, dining room, and library. Apartments sold for $15,000 to $20,000 with annual maintenance fees from $1,000 to $2,000. The complex was arranged around a system of courtyards that gave light, air, and access to the buildings and the interior of the block.

Rodin Studios ARCHITECT: Cass Gilbert DATE: 1916-17 STYLE: French Renaissance The Rodin studios building, built in 1916-17, was designed by Cass Gilbert specifically for artists. Named for the most innovative living artist of the time, it represents a refinement on the earlier essays in what was a relatively new building type. The two principal elevations of this fourteen-story, reinforced concrete frame building, are sheathed in rough brick, polychromatic buff to gray, laid in American bond. The elaborate and extensive terra-cotta and iron trim is molded and cast in the late Gothic-early Classical motifs which characterize the French Renaissance style, the style of the neighboring Arts Students League as well as a style Gilbert thought appropriate for artists.

Majestic Theater Interior ARCHITECT: Herbert J. Krapp DATE: 1926-27 STYLE: Modern Spanish This theatre was part of an unusual multi-use project including three theaters and a hotel. The “stadium” configuration of the auditorium represents an attempt at bringing democracy to theater seating. The auditorium’s segmental-arched proscenium, narrow floor-to-ceiling arched openings on the side-walls, and broad shallow domed ceiling, and the broad coved ceiling of the inner lobby are among the most prominent design features of the interior.

Plaza Hotel, 768 Fifth Avenue, ca. 1978. The Plaza is one of America’s most famous and historic luxury hotels. Developed by financier Bernhard Beinecke, hotelier Fred Sterny, and Fuller Construction Company president Harry S. Black, the Plaza was heralded as the “greatest hotel in the world” upon its opening in October, 1907. The cost of construction for the 19-story, French Chateau-style skyscraper soared to $12 million, with expenses including interior designs by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh. According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, Hardenbergh “placed the single largest gold-encrusted china order in history with L. Straus & Sons, along with an order for 1,650 crystal chandeliers.” The Plaza was designated a New York City Landmark in 1969, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986; making it the only hotel in New York City with this distinguished status. In 2005, The Plaza closed for a $450 million renovation; the hotel reopened in 2007, just in time for its 100th birthday.

Audrey Munson (1891-1996) was once the most famous artist’s model in the United States and her likeness can be found in a dozen public sculptures in Manhattan and Brooklyn. In 1913, her likeness had become so prominent in public spaces that the New York Sun dubbed her "Miss Manhattan." For an in-depth look at the rise and tragic fall of America’s First Supermodel, we recommend “The Curse of Beauty: The Scandalous & Tragic Life of Audrey Munson, America’s First Supermodel” by James Bone and “Miss Manhattan” (Episode 200) of the 99% Invisible podcast.

New York Athletic Club, 1911. While this address is best know as the St. Moritz Hotel, prior to that classic Emery Roth building, this plot was occupied by the club house of the New York Athletic Club. Constructed in the late 1890s, the Athletic club moved into the building in October 1898. The eight-story building was lavishing decorated. The private club, founded in 1868, is considered the foundation for amateur athletics in the United States. In 1928 the club sold their 1898 building for $2.5 millions (in 1930 the Hotel St. Moritz would be completed on the lot) and moved into their new (and still occupied) City House, one block over on Seventh Avenue and Central Park South.

The Plaza Hotel was an instant New York City icon, though today it's dwarfed by a neighboring office building. When completed in 1907, it towered above the surrounding mansions and represented the height of hotel luxury. Mixing European glamour with the most modern amenities, it replaced the Waldorf-Astoria 25 blocks to the south as the place the elite stayed and entertained. For the hotel's opening, the Plaza's manager Frank Sterry, arranged the grand entrance of ladies' man, Alfred Gwynn Vanderbilt as the first guest, and a celebration featuring other local royalty, including financier George Jay Gould; department store innovator, John Wanamaker, and Benjamin Duke, Vice President of the American Tobacco Company. In addition to a crowd of spectators, the city's first motorized taxi fleet lined up outside the Plaza. Drivers dressed like West Point cadets sat inside cars painted red with green stripes. Taximeters tracked fares, which cost 30 cents for the first half mile and 10 cents for each additional quarter mile. This building was the second Plaza Hotel. Seventeen years earlier, on October 1, 1890, a different hotel by the same name on the same site had opened at the cost of $3 million. But new owners had plans for something grander, which required building a new from the ground up. Starting with its design, the hotel blended old world and new. Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, the same architect responsible for the Waldorf-Astoria, created a structure "that effortlessly merged a French chateau with a skyscraper" with 800 guest rooms, 17 apartments, and 500 bathrooms. Inside, guests were surrounded by custom European and local luxury items such as Irish linens, French crystal, and Swiss lace curtains. Every room also had the latest technologies- a telephone, a buzzer for calling maids and waiters and a magnet brand clock, known for its precise timekeeping. Today's residents and guests have their own taste of the Gilded Age. Following a three-year, $400 million renovation, the Plaza reopened in 2009 with 282 hotel rooms and 181 apartments filled with decadent details including 24-karat gold-plated faucets; mosaic-floored bathrooms and white-gloved butlers assigned to each floor and available around the clock.

Osborne Apartments ARCHITECT: Architect: James E. Ware DATE: 1883-85 STYLE: Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival The Osborne Apartments was one of the earliest luxury apartment buildings in New York City. Constructed in what by 1890 had become New York’s first apartment house district, near Central Park, this architecturally-impressive building is a rare surviving example of the original development in this city of multi-family dwellings for well-to-do residents, an increasingly important building type in the 1880s. The design draws elements from the popular Romanesque Revival style, such as the heavy, rusticated stone exterior with deeply set windows, for a sense of solidity; these are combined in a bold and original manner with the refinement, proportions, and strong horizontality of the emerging Renaissance Revival style.

Construction on the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line's 50th Street Station, outside the American Horse Exchange building, July 14, 1902. William K. Vanderbilt built the American Horse Exchange in 1881, creating a massive full-block hub for the city's elite to quite literally horse trade. An 1896 fire caused extensive damage to the structure, killing 60 horses. Vanderbilt restored the exchange and in 1910 leased it to the Shubert family, who converted the property into the Winter Garden Theatre, today known as the venue where "Cats" had its 18-year run.

Roxy Theater ca. 1927 When Samuel L. "Roxy" Rothafel opened the Roxy Theater in 1927, it contained over 6,000 seats and was considered the largest theater of its kind in the world. Elaborate live performances were also part of the show: the orchestra pit seated 100 musicians and the ballet corps had up to 100 dancers, including the Gae Foster Roxyettes featured in this card. These high-stepping dancers were the forerunners of the Rockettes, the group "Roxy" took with him when he moved his show to Radio City Music Hall in 1932. The Roxy was razed in 1961.

Whitney Mansion, 1895. Constructed in 1875 for millionaire Frederick W. Stevens and designed by George Harney, the mansion was filled to rafters with antiques and furnishings that Stevens purchased in Europe. After Steven's passing, his widow sold the home to Oliver Payne who gave it to his sister Flora and her husband William C. Whitney. The Whitney's had the home remodeled by Stanford White, but only lived their briefly as Flora died in 1893 and William remarried and moved to a different Fifth Avenue mansion. William's son Harry Payne and his wife Gertrude Vanderbilt lived in the home until 1907 when it was sold and demolished. In the 1920s the Heckscher Building (also called the Crown Building) was erected on the site.

B.S Moss Colony, ca. 1932. The theatre at 1681 Broadway opened in 1924 as the B. S. Moss’s Colony Theatre, a vaudeville and movie theatre. Designed by one of the premier theatre architects of the 1920s, Eugene De Rosa, the venue has a large seating capacity (1,765 seats) and deep stage (60 feet). During its two stints as a movie theatre (1924-1930 and 1934-1940), Walt Disney debuted two of his most famous early films there. "Steamboat Willie" opened in 1928 and "Fantasia" in 1939. Given a number names in its early years (Universal's Colony Theatre, B.S. Moss' Broadway Theatre, and Earl Carroll's Broadway Theatre), the theatre became a venue for live Broadway performances starting in 1930 and then again in 1940, when it was christened the unimaginative, Broadway Theatre. Bought in 1939 by the Shuberts, the theatre has been renovated a number of times. The interior and exterior were designed in an Italian Renaissance style. The original facade was resurfaced in a grey polished granite in 1991 when a skyscraper was constructed above the theatre. One of only five Broadway theatres that actually front the street, Broadway, this venue has often been the location that successful shows transfer to near the end of their runs.

Completed in 1891, Andrew Carnegie’s Music Hall was opened as the new home for the Oratorio Society of New York, with a five-day musical festival during which Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the world’s foremost composers of the day, conducted several of his own works. Often considered one of the premiere centers of American musical life and history, Carnegie Hall has continually featured the work and performances of countless LGBT artists. Few had as close an association with the Hall as Leonard Bernstein, who appeared more than 430 times between 1943 and 1990, as conductor, pianist, composer, and educator. Dimitri Mitropoulos was the conductor of the New York Philharmonic between 1950 and 1957, until he became the victim of McCarthy-era homophobia. Other conductors here included Jeffrey Tate and Michael Tilson Thomas. Premieres of classical works by LGBT composers Samuel Barber, Benjamin Britten, Aaron Copland, Virgil Thomson, David Diamond, Marc Blitzstein, Gian Carlo Menotti, Ned Rorem, and John Corigliano were conducted here. African-American composer and pianist, Don Shirley, also performed here. Innumerable LGBT performers have ranged from pianists Vladimir Horowitz and Van Cliburn, to dancer Isadora Duncan, leading Wagnerian heldentenor Lauritz Melchior, popular singers Chris Williamson, Meg Christian, and Rufus Wainwright, and the New York City Gay Men’s Chorus.

Heckscher Building, ca. 1921. Today known as the Crown Building (so named in 1983 for the crown-like look of the illuminated building at night), the 26-story building was completed in 1921 as the Heckscher Building. Designed by architects Warren & Wetmore, the French Renaissance style building was one of the first office towers designed and erected after the passage of the 1916 zoning laws. it was topped by a 12-foot gold-plated weathervane in the form of a rooster. In November of 1929 the Museum of Modern Art opened in galleries on the 12th floor of the Heckscher Building. The first exhibition was a show featuring the works of Cezanne, Gauguin, Seurat and van Gogh. The museum remained until 1932 and its final show in the space was "Modern Architecture: International Exhibition," curatated by Phillip Johnson. The gold weathervane was removed in 1942 and melted down for the war effort. The building was stealthily purchased by Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos in 1981 and soon after had its facade gilded and illuminated by a lighting designer (hence the name change based on its new look). Following the fall of the Marcos regime, the building was sold in 1991. Its most recent sale in 2015 for $1.8 billion made NYC real estate history, a world record price per square foot, $4,564.

Plaza Hotel ca. 1907 Although it was constructed in 1907, the Plaza is still one of the most elegant of the great New York hotels, having sheltered many of the notables who have visited the city in the past half-century. It was designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, architect of the Dakota Apartments on Central Park West. Its high roofs remind us of a French Renaissance chateau.

University Club of New York ca. 1915 Of all the buildings in New York which have been influenced by the Italian Renaissance, this club probably comes closest to resembling a sixteenth-century palazzo; yet despite this fact, the combination of details is quite original.

Essex House, ca. 1993. This 44-story Art Deco building began construction one day after the Stock Market Crash in 1929. The depression slowed the building process and the hotel, with 509 rooms, opened in October 1931. The building's most well-known feature, the roof-topping six-story, red neon sign, was erected in 1932. Taken from it's bankrupt owners only a couple years after opening, it was owned for 15 years by the US Reconstruction Finance Corporation (which gave financial support and loans to local governments and businesses, following the Depression). The hotel has cycled through various hotel chains and foreign and domestic business owners over the last 50 years. Today it is the JW Marriott Essex House, still topped by the iconic neon sign.

Rockefeller Apartments, October 20, 1947. The Rockefeller Apartments, constructed between 1935 and 1937 in the International style, were commissioned by John D. Rockefeller, Fr. and Nelson Rockefeller. Designed by Wallace Harrison, who would go to collaborate further with the Rockefellers, the two buildings (the other is 24 West 55th Street) were created as a unit and were constructed with 15 percent more space given to light and air than was required by the building codes.

Steinway Hall, June 30, 1925. In 1864 William Steinway opened a showroom for his pianos on 14th Street near Fifth Avenue. Owing to overwhelming popularity, he built a new concert hall as a venue to display and promote his pianos. This was the original Steinway Hall. Opened in 1866 the hall sat 2,500 guests and was one of the biggest halls in the city of New York. Over the next 25 years, it was the home of the New York Philharmonic. The success of Steinway Hall in promoting Steinway's instruments was considerable, so much so that his competitors, the Aeolian Company and Chickering & Sons, felt the need to open their own concert halls. Owing to a desire to have their showroom and concert venue near Carnegie Hall, Steinway & Sons commissioned a new building on 57th Street in the early 1920s. The new Steinway Hall, seen here, included not only showrooms and a hall, but also recording and broadcasting spaces. Designed by Warren and Wetmore, the neo-Classical building officially opened on October 27, 1925. Steinway & Sons sold the building and land in 1958 but continued to use the building as a rental. In 1999 they bought the building back but were required to continue to lease the land it occupied. In 2014, in a deal that cost a combined $177 million ($46M for the building and $131M for the land), a development company purchased Steinway Hall and its plot. Steinway Hall moved to 1133 Sixth Avenue, while a controversial plan for the landmark 57th Street building has it being restored and incorporated into a supertall residential tower.

Fine Arts Building of the Art Students League of New York, ca. 1910.

A walk of the best tourist spots New York City's Upper East Side has to offer.

Majestic Theater ARCHITECT: Herbert J. Krapp DATE: 1926-27 STYLE: Modern Spanish This theater ’s facade is a fine example of the romantic “Modern Spanish” style with which Herbert Krapp, the architects, adorned later theaters. Among its significant architectural features are its balcony with simulated Spanish-style tile roof, blind stylized Palladian window, and rusticated base.

Hammerstein’s Theater, now the Ed Sullivan Theater ARCHITECT: Herbert J. Krapp DATE: 1927 STYLE: Gothic The Ed Sullivan Theater Interior was designed in Gothic style, and it includes leaded glass light fixtures and polychromatic ceramic tile, making it unique among the Broadway theaters. Despite a number of alterations the interior retains most of its original character and configuration.

Carnegie Hall ARCHITECT: William B. Tuthill DATE: 1889-91 STYLE: Italian Renaissance This building with its 15 story tower has an intrinsic character and integrity of design which evoke considerable praise. Music lovers consider no building in the City with more reverence. Modified Italian Renaissance in style, its facades include a veritable vocabulary of Renaissance detail. The details for this building were selected with great taste and discrimination, producing an overall design that is truly fascinating. The reddish-brown Roman brick, which is used for the largest areas of the walls, combines with band courses, arches, pilasters, and other terracotta decorations, to produce a beautiful color, which has mellowed with age.

The Original Plaza Hotel

New York Athletic Club, 1929. Founded in 1868, the New York Athletic Club is a private social and athletic club. The 180 Central Park South location, known as The City House, includes two restaurants, a cocktail lounge, library, ballroom, billiard room, meeting rooms, rooftop solarium, eight floors of guest rooms, in addition to its sports facilities. The athletic floors boast swimming pools, basketball and squash courts, fencing and wrestling rooms, and a judo floor. A Long Island location, known as Travers Island, hosts larger outdoor sporting facilities. The elite club has not existed without controversy. Since its conception, the NYAC was a men-only club. It wasn't until 1989, with pressure from both the city and the United States Supreme court, that the club allowed women to join. The New York Times wrote: "a symbol of masculine exclusivity has bowed to the forces of change and feminine scorn and agreed to accept women as members."

Are you ready for a closeup? Try your hand at re-creating these historic photos at Columbus Circle! This challenge is only available to our iOS app users. If you don't yet have the Urban Archive App, download it here. Each location in this challenge has an address and a historic image tied to it. Check-in at each location by tapping the lock icon to the left of the clue. If you’re in the right place, it will turn green. Your challenge today is to take as many then-and-now photos as you can. Tap the image, and then the recreate button to line up the historical image with your present-day view. Once you're happy with your photo, hit save to add it to your camera roll. Please share these photos with team@urbanarchive.nyc once you've completed the challenge. Happy snapping!

Though today it's dwarfed by a neighboring office building, the Plaza Hotel was an instant New York classic.

The famous art collector Peggy Guggenheim opened her first gallery called Art from this Century on the seventh floor of this building. The gallery, which opened its door in the midst of World War II (1942), became the meeting place and exhibition space for exiled European artists. The opening show was a groundbreaking success, displaying works by established European Cubists and Surrealist artists. Most notably, the gallery is credited for launching the career of many American Abstract Expressionist artists such as Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko.

Mecca Temple ARCHITECT: H. P. Knowles DATE: 1922-24 STYLE: Moorish-inspired Designed by Harry P. Knowles in a Moorish-inspired style which is both symbolic and functionally expressive, the building is a major example of fraternal architecture. In 1943, under the leadership of Mayor LaGuardia, the building became the home of the City Center of Music and Drama, where it fostered a vast array of performing arts, including the New York City Ballet and the New York City Opera, for the people of New York City.

The Lotos Club—so named for Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Lotos-Eaters”—was founded in 1870 by a group of young writers, journalists, and critics. According to the club’s constitution, it sought to promote and develop “literature, art, sculpture, music, architecture, journalism, drama, science, education and the learned professions,” to encourage the professionals who work in these fields, and “provide a place of assembly for them and other persons interested in and sympathetic to them, their objectives, effort, and work.” The Club featured a roster of recognizable names, including author Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain); art collector and philanthropist Solomon R. Guggenheim; 34th United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower; writer, director, and actor Orson Welles; newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst; and steel magnate Charles M. Schwab. Though membership was originally limited to men, the club began admitting women in 1977, welcoming opera singer Marilyn Horne, writer Mary Higgins Clark, and actress Angela Lansbury, among others. The club remains in existence today, at 5 E. 66th Street, and forms part of New York City’s long history of private clubs.

130 West 57th Street Studio Building ARCHITECT: Pollard & Steinam DATE: 1907-08 STYLE: Neo-Renaissance The 130 West 57th Street Studio Building, along with its almost identical neighbor at 140 West 57th Street, was built in a prime location, on a wide cross-town street, with other artists’ studios, the Art Students’ League, Carnegie Hall, and many other nearby sites devoted to art and music. The duplex plan of the building allowed for seven double-height stories facing the street, with twelve stories in the rear, and was popular with artists and non-artists alike for the abundant amount of space it provided. Located on the south side of 57th Street, the tall, projecting bay windows set in geometrically-ornamented cast iron frames bring in the north light so prized by artists, and suggest the unique spatial arrangement in this building

The Coronet, 1912. The Coronet is a 10-story brick and stone Beaux-Arts building completed in 1902. It aimed to be a high-class, modern apartment building. And high class it was with balconies, carved lions’ heads, heavy scrolled brackets, an impressive two-story arched opening, and stone parapet at the roof. By the 1970s the building was suffering from the loss of wealthy tenants. Some of its grand architectural features were lost including the parapet and some of the balconies. In 1976 the building was converted to an 85-apartment condominium. Today the building still stands, though it does not exude the grandeur it once presented.

Horn & Hardart Automat, February 10, 1936. Horn and Hardart was Philadelphia-founded food service company. They were the first non-Europeans to receive patented vending machines from Max Sielaff's Automat factory in Berlin. The first Automats were opened in Philadelphia and New York City in 1902 and 1912, respectively. The pre-packaged foods were extremely popular, especially during the Depression. By 1950 more than 50 Horn & Hardart restaurants were operating in New York City. Later they branched out to sit-down waitress service restaurants, cafeterias, and bakery shops. The men in this photograph could not only find cakes and pie at the Automat but other staples including macaroni and cheese, baked beans, and creamed spinach.

New York is celebrated in countless works of literature. Many buildings, whether famous landmarks or run-of-the-mill residences, have made guest appearances in the pages of American novels. Here's a list of literary locations:

The monument at Columbus Circle's dedication was a moment of triumph for New York City's immigrant Italian population.

Hearst Magazine Building ARCHITECT: Joseph Urban; George B. Post & Sons DATE: 1927-28 STYLE: Art Deco Stretching a full block along the west side of Eighth Avenue between 56th and 57th Streets, the building remains the expectant six-story base of an office tower that was not constructed until 2006. It is a stylistic synthesis of Art Deco ornament, Secessionist influence and Baroque theatricality. Further enriched by classical allusions which are both imposing and dramatic, the building survives as a relic of unrealized plans to transform greater Columbus Circle into New York’s new cultural and commercial center as well as the corporate headquarters of Hearst’s vast publishing empire.

Winter Garden Theatre, May 3, 1930. The building at 1634 Broadway was constructed in 1896 for William Kissam Vanderbilt's American Horse Exchange. In 1911 the building was leased by the Shubert family for a theatrical venue. They hired architect William Albert Swasey to redesign the theatre. The fourth New York theatre to be named 'Winter Garden," the venue opened March 10, 1911 with a production of the musical revue "La Belle Paree." In 1922 the building was completely remodeled by famed theatre architect Henry J. Krapp.The rebuilt stage is wider than most other Broadway theatres, with a a low proscenium arch. The Shuberts purchased the name and format of the Ziegfeld Follies after the death of Florenz Ziegfeld in 1932. The Winter Garden hosted the Follies in 1934 and 1936. The Winter Garden, though, is best known as the venue that hosted the 18-year run of the musical "Cats." The show premiered on October 7, 1982 and ran 7,485 performances. (Currently it is the fourth longest Broadway run, only exceeded by "Phantom of the Opera," 'Chicago," and "The Lion King.")

Take a walk in the beautiful Upper West Side. Start at Columbus Circle and discover the cultural and religious landmarks and the extravagant apartment buildings of this affluent neighborhood.

General Motors Building, 1937. The General Motors Building was designed by Edward Durrell Stone & Associates with Emery Roth & Sons at the height of the International Modernism architectural era. At the time of construction, the tower was one of the only in Manhattan to occupy a whole city block. When the building opened in 1968, it replaced the much-loved Savoy Plaza Hotel, which stood on the site since 1927. Over the past few years, the General Motors Building has undergone many changes. In 1998, the company sold its office, making it home of CBS's The Eary Show from its inception in 1999 to its end in 2012. The building was sold again in 2003 to the Macklowe Organization for a record $1.4 billion and again in 2008 for $2.9 billion– the largest real estate transaction of that year. While the building's design has many critics, its location on Fifth Avenue and next to Central Park is what makes it one of the most enviable properties in New York City. In 2015, the tower again broke records by becoming the first commercial property in the city to command starting rents of more than $200 per square foot.

924 Seventh Avenue, date unknown.

United States Rubber Company Building ARCHITECT: Carrère and Hastings DATE: 1911-12 STYLE: Beaux-Arts This elegant, Beaux-Arts style, twenty-story office building was constructed in 1911-12 for the United States Rubber Company at a time when the automobile was beginning to exert a powerful influence on American society. Located on Broadway, along the section known as “Automobile Row,” the U.S. Rubber Company Building was one of the most prominent and important of the many automobile-related structures concentrated here. The design features a distinctive rounded corner and vertically-grouped windows with metal spandrels and thin, continuous piers. In this building, as in their other works, Carrere and Hastings used their training at the French Ecole des Beaux-Arts to create an impressive design for a tall building where the skeleton construction is expressed by the thin stone veneer which is obviously non-weight-bearing. The two lowest floors of this building were remodeled in 1959 for a bank.

Lotos Club, ca. 1909. Established as gentleman's club for those interested in literature, science and the fine arts in 1870, the Lotos Club—named after a feature in a Tennyson poem—has called a number of buildings home in its nearly 150 year history. The club's first home was at 2 Irving Place. Mark Twain was an early member of the organization. After a series of moves that had the club inching further uptown, the first true clubhouse was purchased in 1893 at 558 Fifth Avenue. In 1909, with the financial support of Andrew Carnegie (who was a member), the club moved into a headquarters specifically designed for their purpose at 110 West 57th Street. Designed by architect Donn Barber, the Italian Renaissance was lauded as beautiful with features painted in orange, blues, and greens and multi-toned grey brick. The building became a venue at the forefront of arts and culture in the city, presenting fine art exhibits and lectures by renown orators. The club knuckled though the Depression with downsized events but they completed paying off their mortgage in 1941 (which they celebrated by burning the paperwork in their oversized fireplace). By 1945 the Lotos Club was looking to downsize and moved into a Beaux-Arts building 5 East 66th Street. They made $166,000 on a building that had cost them $750,000 in 1909. The building was largely striped down to its steel framing in 1949 and had a new modern facade installed as it was being converted into offices. Since the mid 1960s it has been the home of the Directors Guild of America.

Built in 1924. The group that constructed the enormous Moorish-style temple was known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, or the "Shriners" in short. Though their name suggests they may have been affiliated with a religious cause, the fraternity was an offshoot of the order of Freemasons. The Shriners were established by an actor, William Jermyn Florence, and a surgeon, Dr. Walter Millard Flemming. The group wasn't interested in mysticism by any means, but rather "fun, fellowship...love, relief, and truth." From the group's conception, Florence and Flemming stressed a policy of fun in support of medical research. They met in various locations around New York before purchasing a plot on 55th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenue. Legend has it, they met in Carnegie hall before they were evicted for producing an intolerable amount of cigar smoke. The Shriners, red fez-wearers themselves, were taken aback by a mysterious Orient and went about designing and constructing a massive mosque-like structure to host their own meetings and with auditoriums which could be leased out to rake in some extra cash. The site was bought from Yale University for $400,000 and had been the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation's movie studio site. The Shriners were fittingly just as theatrical as the previous tenant. Architect, Shriner, and Master Mason Harry P. Knowles, who was known for neo-Moorish constructions, designed Mecca Temple before he passed away in 1923. Firm Clinton & Russell were then brought on to carry out Knowles' designs. The ornate structure, with romanticized Ottoman and Andalusian elements, was the largest Masonic Shrine in the city. Its hall seats 3,500 and is topped with a red terracotta-tiled dome crowned by the Scimitar and Crescent - symbols of the Shrine. In contrast to the colorful interior, its facade was of sandstone and nearly completely flat, save for shallow-arched recesses. The Landmark Preservation Committee characterized the Temple's outward appearance as a "huge sandstone cube...which is articulated by a cornice of heavy dentils...and the chamfered upper corners making the transition to the great, glazed tiled dome." The design of the temple came from no specific precedent overseas but drew upon Knowles' academic knowledge of the Alhambra, various Egyptian Temples, and expertise in navigating an elevational scheme that meshed a monolithic presence with carefully-scaled entrances. The Mecca Temple included an auditorium and three Masonic Lodge rooms. Steep balconies in the grand auditorium required all sorts of structural acrobatics to be performed. Unfortunately for the Shriners, the financial crash of 1929 left them so bruised that they were unable to pay taxes on the building and it became city property. However, architectural tourists looking to travel to this "Mecca," an example of an arabesque architectural wonder nestled in the towering apartments of Midtown need not fear. Mayor LaGuardia saved the building from demolition in the early 1940s by converting it to a performing arts center. Presently, it is a home of groups such as the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Manhattan Theater Club, The Flamenco Festival, and Martha Graham Dance Company.

Check out some of the sites in the lower half of Central Park! 🌳

Plaza Hotel ARCHITECT: Henry J. Hardenbergh DATE: 1905-07 STYLE: European To the east, the Hotel faces toward Fifth Avenue but is separated from it by the Pulitzer Memorial Fountain which forms part of the Grand Army Plaza, extending from 58th Street to 60th Street, ending with Augustus Saint-Gaudens 7 great equestrian statue of General Sherman. The whole design of this area is like that of a European square and is one of the few squares of this quality existing in New York City. Although the surrounding buildings are not stylistically unified, at least some attempt was made to relate them through use of materials and the treatment of the facades. The Plaza Hotel is located in a prominent site overlooking Central Park. The interior of the Hotel Plaza consists of the Fifth Avenue lobby vestibules, the 59th Street Lobby, the Edwardian Room, Grand Ballroom Foyer, the Main Corridors, Oak Room and Bar, and Terrace Room Corridor. Since it was built in 1907, the Plaza Hotel has remained as one of the world’s great hotels since it opened in 1907, is located on a prominent site overlooking Central Park, Grand Army Plaza and Fifth Avenue. In 1971 The New York Times architecture critic, Ada Louise Huxtable, called it “New York’s most celebrated symbol of cosmopolitan and turn-of-the-century splendor, inside and out.” Hardenbergh was one of the most prominent architects of his time, as he set standards for the design of luxury American hotels on the exterior and interior of his buildings. The Beaux-Arts style 59th Street Lobby and Main Corridor feature strikingly veined and carefully matched stonework in white and Breccia marble. The German Renaissance Revival style Oak Room features wood paneling with elaborate carvings on the west wall, murals of medieval castles and a coved plaster ceiling. The Spanish Renaissance Revival style Edwardian Room features a paneled wood wainscoting and an elaborate trussed ceiling with carved bosses, stenciled decorations and mirrors. The neo-Classical style Palm Court features walls faced with Caen stone and accented with a giant order of highly polished marble pilasters, a colonnade of marble columns separating the space from the main corridor and marble caryatids representing the Four Seasons on the west wall.

Carnegie Hall ca. 1979 In 1959 the owner of Carnegie Hall announced the decision to demolish the famed concert hall when its major tenant, the New York Philharmonic, moved to its new home at Lincoln Center. A skyscraper clad in bright red porcelain panels was set to rise on the valuable site at 57th Street and Seventh Avenue. Lovers of architecture, history, and music united in a preservation effort. Demonstrations and petitions demanded that the building be saved. But the hero of this battle was violinist Isaac Stern, who saw Carnegie Hall as "the be-all and end-all of musical life" in the United States. Stern teamed up with Jacob Kaplan, an entrepreneur who created the J.M. Kaplan Fund - a foundation that over the next 20 years supported preservation activism and organizations - to establish the Citizens Committee for Carnegie Hall, with Eleanor Roosevelt as honorary chair. The committee persuaded the city to buy the site, and a non-profit was established to run it. Carnegie Hall remains one of the world's great concert halls.

Julliard Mansion, ca. 1905. In 1903 self-made millionaire, dry goods tycoon, and Park Commissioner Augustus D. Julliard purchased the mid 19th century brownstone mansion at 11 West 57th Street. Once the home of the scion of another dry goods empire, John Auchincloss, the Victorian mansion was considered out of date when Julliard purchased it. He commissioned Trowbridge & Livingston to design a new, modern mansion for the lot. The resulting five-story structure was completed in a French Renaissance style with a steep mansard and somewhat pointy dormers. The interior was similarly styled with 16th century ornamentation, complemented by the family's vast collection of tapestries and antiques. Julliard died in the home in 1925 and years later it was converted into apartments with a ground floor commercial space. In the late 1930s it served as the headquarters of the German Railroads Information Office, who were expelled in 1941 after being outed as a Nazi propaganda outlet. The building survived in the 1970s but eventually succumbed to the commercial development of 57th Street. The Julliard Mansion was demolished in 1974 along with some neighbors for the sloped facade Solow Building.

1774 Broadway, the old General Motors Building, unknown date.

B. F. Goodrich Company Building ARCHITECT: Howard Van Doren Shaw; Ward & Willauer DATE: 1909 STYLE: Elizabethan, Jacobean 1780 Broadway was constructed in 1909 as the New York headquarters of the B. F. Goodrich Company, a leading American manufacturer of automobile tires and other rubber products. Since the late 1880s the company had operated a Manhattan office and this project coincided with the company’s reincorporation in New York State. Clad with mostly red brick and limestone, the 12- story facade is distinguished by abstract, stylized ornament that suggests the influence of Elizabethan and Jacobean sources, the English Arts and Crafts movement, and the Vienna Secession.

Carl Van Vechten (1880-1964) was an extremely influential critic, novelist, photographer, and cultural arbiter, especially noted for his advocacy of African-American art and culture. Although married, Van Vechten had many long-term gay relationships and his sexuality was an open secret during his life. In May 1924 Van Vechten moved from a small apartment at 151 East 19th Street (the so-called Block Beautiful, between Irving Place and Third Avenue) into a large and elegant apartment on the seventh floor of the newly-completed building at 150 West 55th Street. “Harlem was sexually attractive to him mainly because it was a point of fusion among his homosexuality, his fascination with blackness, and his natural voyeurism.” Edward White, biographer Van Vechten was instrumental in introducing the artists of the Harlem Renaissance to white society. This is especially evident in the homoerotic photographs that he took of African-American men. He was also famed for his portrait photography, including images of many lesbian and gay writers, actors, and celebrities. Van Vechten was known for his parties, as they were among the few venues where black and white New Yorkers freely intermingled on an equal basis. Notable gay and lesbian attendees included Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Ethel Waters, Somerset Maugham, Salvador Dalí, and Bessie Smith.

Steinway Hall ARCHITECT: Warren & Wetmore DATE: 1924-25 STYLE: Neo-Classical Designed in a restrained neo-Classical style, Steinway Hall is L-shaped in plan, with a front portion clad in Indiana limestone that terminates in a setback, four-story colonnaded tower, and a central campanile-like tower with a steep pyramidal roof and large lantern. The main facade’s base is embellished by a music-themed sculptural group by Leo Lentelli and by a frieze with medallion portraits of distinguished classical composer-pianists. The style, materials, setbacks and massing, picturesque towers, and decorative elements add distinction to the building and make it a monumental architectural presence along the West 57th Street cultural corridor.

The Mechanics National Bank was founded in 1810 in New York. By 1921, it was one of four national banks with branch offices in the city: accompanied by Chatham and Phenix National, Irving National, and National City Bank. Of this list, only the National City Bank (Citibank) remains. In 1911, the Mechanics National Bank merged with the National Copper Bank to become the Mechanics and Metals National Bank. Then in 1914 and 1920, the bank merged with the Fourth National Bank and the Produce Exchange Union. The Mechanics and Metals National Bank was consolidated by Chase National Bank in 1926. After the bank vacated the building for an office downtown, The Russian Tea Room, now located at 150 West 57th Street, was founded at this address. In 1991 the building was razed to make way for a 21-story tower for the Japanese American Nippon Club.

Rivoli Theatre, 1918. Designed by renowned theatre architect, Thomas Lamb, the Greek Revival theatre opened to the public on December 28, 1917. The very first movie screened was the Douglas Fairbanks film "A Modern Musketeer," which was presented with a "live" program featuring musical soloists, the organ, and house orchestra. The Rivoli was built as the sister theatre to the Rialto (at Broadway and 42nd Street). The auditorium could accommodate 2270 patrons and was noted for its acoustics. The house orchestra was 50 pieces and conducted by Dr. Hugo Riesenfeld. The design of the stage was specific for the movie screen (in the large center proscenium) and two side for the orchestra and soloists. A stage for live theatrical productions was only constructed in 1926. Comic book writer, editor, publisher Stan Lee was an usher at the Rivoli in his youth. In the 1950s the theatre was converted to a 70mm Todd-AO setup with a deeply curved screen. The theatre was demolished in 1987.

Majestic Theatre ca. 1903 One of almost ninety theater buildings documented by Byron, the Majestic's first year-1903- was tremendous success, with such popular productions as The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Toyland. Located at Columbus Circle, not far from the current location of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, it was the northernmost Broadway house at the time. Sadly, it was too far from the theater district and within five years motion pictures- not theater- were the mainstay here. Despite attempts by the Shuberts, Florenz Ziegfeld and the Minsky family to revive the Majestic with legitimate theater, it continued to decline, and in 1954 it was demolished for wider pedestrian access to the equally unsuccessful New York Coliseum. In 1998 a plan to redevelop the site with a glass-and-steel tower was approved.

The Warwick, date unknown. Designed by Emery Roth in association with George B. Post & Sons, this 36-story Renaissance Revival building was financed by publisher William Randolph Hearst. One of the original tenants of the residential tower was Hearst's mistress Marion Davies. (It is said he commissioned the building specifically for her.) Today the Warwick remains a luxury hotel.

Adelphi Theatre, March 30, 1937. Opened as the Craig Theatre opened on December 24, 1928, the venue on 54th underwent more name changes that most theatres (which is saying something since most changed names at least twice in their histories). The venue's longest running name was the Adelphi Theatre (1934–1940 and 1944–1958). In 1947 the theatre premiered the American opera "Street Scene" with music by Kurt Weill ("The Threepenny Opera") and book by Langston Hughes. In the 1950s the venue was used as a TV studio, episodes of the 'Honeymooners' were filmed there. It returned to live theatre in 1957, changed names a few more times and closed, finally, in the late 1960s. The building was razed in 1970 and eventually replaced by the office tower at 1325 Avenue of the Americas.

Carnegie Hall, 1895. The main structure of the world-renowned venue, Carnegie Hall was built in 1891 and designed in the Renaissance Revival style by William B. Tuthill with Richard Morris Hunt and Dankmar Adler as consultants. Funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, it was originally called Music Hall. The official opening night performance on May 5, 1891 was a concert conducted by famed Russian composer Tchaikovsky. Renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 the building had two residential towers added a year later, design by Henry J. Hardenbergh. Carnegie Hall became the preeminent concert hall in the United States during the 20th century, with performances in diverse genres. Slated for demolition in the late 1950s after the Philharmonic announced their plan to move to Lincoln Center, the building was saved through the advocacy of a group of musicians, including violinist Isaac Stern. Special legislature allowed the city to buy the building and a non-profit was created to run the venue. In the last decade, the last remaining residents of the towers were evicted prior to the redevelopment of those spaces into a new educational wing.

Listen to the Bowery Boys' podcast on the history of the iconic Carnegie Hall while examining these archival images!

As the Great Depression wore on, the Socialist Party organized protesters who demonstrated against unemployment and demanded immediate government aid. The Forward called for its readers to march in support of this demonstration by publishing the date and locale atop its masthead.