78-80 St. Marks Place Building Date : 1845 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William Bollman Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations Originally constructed as two separate houses in 1845, the three-and-a-half-story and four-story buildings were combined at an unknown date. Its is said that Leon Totsky lived in the house at No. 80 in 1917, at which point he contributed to the magazine Novy Mir, run by Nikolai Bukharin and Alexandra Kollontai. The magazine was published across the street at No. 77. In 1931 the building at 78 St. Mark’s Place became occupied for institutional purposes and later a restaurant. From 1917 until 1964, a music club called Jazz Gallery, owned by brothers Joe and Iggy Termini, opened at this site. The brothers also owned the Five Spot at 5 Cooper Square. Thelonious Monk Quartet, the John Coltrane Quartet, and Lord Buckley all performed at this venue. Starting from around the 1960s part of the building was used as a theater. Howard Otway owned the houses in 1966, when he worked with architect Miller Breslin to convert them into Theater 80. Theatre 80 premiered Clark Gesner’s Your a Good Man, Charlie Brown in 1967, and played it until 1971, when Otway made the theater a revival movie house with double features of old Hollywood films showing every day. The revival theater closed in 1994, and then this building was occupied by the Pearl Theater Company, founded in 1984, which stayed here until 2009. Outside the theater there is a mini-Off-Broadway Walk of Fame, consisting of hand-prints, footprints and signatures from some celebrated 20th-century actors and actresses. The original facades – including lintels, sills, and cornices of these two buildings remain. No. 78 retains its stoop and multi-paned sash, and No. 80 has a one-story brick extension with glass block windows.

503 East 13th Street | Block : 407 | Lot #7502 Building Date : 1999 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Housing Preservation and Development Original Architect : Leslie Feder Description & Building Alterations The new condo building that stands here is contextual in its design, using bricks, stone-like details and a cornice in a manner similar to its neighbors. It houses some commercial space on the ground floor of the Avenue A side. A Certificate of Occupancy indicates that in 1962 the site was used as a parking lot. Before then, there was likely a 1904 tenement building designed by George Frederick Pelham.

Building Date: 1848 Original Use: Residential Original Owner: Thomas F. Woodruff Original Architect: Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story with basement building was originally erected in 1848 as a Greek Revival-style row house. The present facade features bracketed iron cornice, molded window lintels, footed sills, the entrance flanked by engaged simple pilasters supporting an entablature.

The oldest surviving WPA Retail Market building in New York City is in fact the East Village’s First Avenue Retail Market, which dates to 1938 (the very first to open was what came to be known as “La Marqueta” under the Park Avenue viaduct between 111th and 116th Street in East Harlem, then an Italian-American neighborhood from which LaGuardia was elected to the State Assembly and Congress; little of that original structure still exists due to demolition, fires, and alterations). In 1937, architects Albert W. Lewis and John D. Churchill were commissioned by the Department of Markets to design several of these indoor market buildings, including the new Fulton Fish Market Complex, the Gansevoort Market, the Bronx Terminal Market, and the First Avenue Retail Market. The First Avenue Market was opened by LaGuardia himself in 1938 on First Avenue between East 9th and 10th Streets. It was constructed in an L-shaped design that spanned numbers 155-157 1st Avenue and numbers 230-240 East 10th Street. Historic photos show a bustling neighborhood market that sold cheese (a 1947 New Yorker article states that the cheese vendor sold 300 varieties!), vegetables, and likely everything in, until its closure in 1965. In 1986, Theater for the New City (TNC) purchased this 30,000-square-foot former market building with the help of Bess Myerson, Ruth Messinger, and David Dinkins. TNC converted the market building into a vibrant community arts center, where they remain to this day. This transformation was a critical factor in the cultural and commercial revitalization of the surrounding East Village neighborhood. When the Theater for the New City purchased the former First Avenue Retail Market building, there was a stipulation that they had to still share part of the space with the Sanitation Department, which had been occupying the building since the Market closed in 1965. TNC didn’t have enough money to complete the four theaters, dance space, cafe, administrative offices, and rehearsal spaces, but put on shows regardless, creating interim theaters. Co-founders Crystal Field and George Bartenieff completed TNC’s home with $2 million they had raised. The City, however, retained the air rights to the building, and in 2001, a 16-story residential tower was erected above the theater. Despite this construction, though, TNC remains an important East Village institution that echos the community sentiment and necessity of the former First Avenue Retail Market, and is the oldest remaining intact Retail Market from this transformative LaGuardia/WPA project.

Public School 64, 1920. Constructed between 1904 and 1906 to the designs of BOE architect C.B.J. Snyder, the French Renaissance Revival style building adheres to Snyder's usual H shaped design. When opened the school could hold 2,500 students and later had an annex constructed to accommodate a larger student body. As the populations of the East Village and Lower East Side declined in the 1970s and in the midst of the city's financial crisis, the school was closed in 1977. Soon after closing the building became the home of a number of non-profits, including Adopt-A-Building (which trained and empowered residents of blighted neighborhoods to improve their own buildings) and CHARAS (a neighborhood center that fostered community-based urban ecology, arts and culture). After two decades of successful reactivation of the school space, the building was sold by the Giuliani administration to a developer in 1998. The groups were evicted in 2001. For the last 15 years, the building has continued to deteriorate. The school was landmarked in 2006 and various plans have been suggested for its redevelopment, including as dormitories, which most of the local community vehemently opposes. In the fall of 2017 current mayor De Blasio stated that the city wished to buy back the property, but the future of the building is unknown.

East Side Hebrew Institute (left) and Church of St. Brigid (right), ca. 1975. Founded in 1910, the Institute was a Talmud Torah school (providing after-school and weekend classes) until mid-century when it added a day school. However, the blight and crime of the 1970s made the school’s Tompkins Square location untenable; the school moved to Irving Place in 1975, leaving the building abandoned.

313 East 10th Street Building Date : 1845-48; 1892 (alteration) Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William H. Delavan Original Architect : James C. Whitlock; Frank Baylies (1892) Description & Building Alterations The row house at No. 313 East 10th Street served as the headquarters for the St. Brigid’s Parish and Academy from the institution’s founding in 1856 to its closing in 1920. The five-story building was constructed in 1845-48 by architect/builder James C. Whitlock for owner William H. Delavan. It was built as one of a pair of row houses at Nos. 313 to 315 East 10th Street. The Gothic Revival facade was designed by Frank Baylies in 1892 and features hooded galvanized-iron window lintels and projecting sills and a bracketed cornice with a parapet decorated with quatrefoils. In 1936, the stoop and entrance enframement were removed from the left bay and the primary entrance was moved to the basement.

545 East 11th Street ca. 1930 One of the East Village’s few individually designated New York City landmarks is a distinctive Gothic Revival church at 545 East 11th Street. The building, today known as Father’s Heart Church, has been a distinctive presence in the East Village for more than 140 years. Its name and the nature of its congregants have changed over time, but its mission of spirituality and service has been consistent through the years. The Father’s Heart Church was constructed between 1867 and 1868 as the Methodist Episcopal Chapel by the New York City Sunday School and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, an organization that provided religious services as well as housing, food and clothing. Its construction was funded by the sale of the Dry Dock Mission at East 9th Street & Avenue B, with donations and pledges totaling $25,000. The Methodist Episcopal Chapel was an early project of the architectural firm of William Field and Son who would go on to design a number of notable buildings including the Hastings Building (1870) at 134-40 Grand Street in the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District Expansion and worker housing financed by housing reformer and philanthropist Alfred Treadway White. The Home (1876) and Tower (1888) Buildings and the Workingmen’s Cottages (1879) in Cobble Hill, Brooklyn had indoor toilets and running water in the apartments, open stairways for better ventilation and playgrounds as well as libraries – all marked improvements from the living conditions in tenement buildings. Throughout its history the church has served the spiritual and social needs of its congregants and the community. In 1868, the Chapel established the Cornell Reading Room (Sound familiar? No, not that Cornell but close…) which offered “intellectual instruction and amusement for persons of both sexes, above fourteen years of age, who live in that overcrowded and poverty-stricken locality. Supplied with books, magazines, newspapers, stereoscopes, soetropes, and other parlor amusements,” according to the New York Times, March 27, 1869. The Reading Room was funded by William Wiggins Cornell, President of the City Sunday School and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church of New York. Cornell, with his brother John Black Cornell, operated one of the largest cast iron construction firms in the city, J. B. & W. W. Cornell & Co. You’ve probably walked by one of their many foundry marks on buildings they worked on throughout the city. Cornell is also the namesake of the Cornell College (1855) in Mount Vernon, Iowa, not Cornell University (1865), in Ithaca, New York which was founded by his distant cousin Ezra Cornell, of Western Union. In addition to the Reading Room the Church sent local children to the country and had a medical dispensary. Dispensaries were the 19th century equivalent of today’s health clinic that offers free and low cost medical care. The Stuyvesant Polyclinic at 137 Second Avenue was another medical dispensary in the area. As it expanded its services, the Church grew and evolved. In 1874 a small rear addition was added to house a school. Twenty five years later the Church bought the neighboring tenement building at 543 East 11th Street and renovated both buildings. The architectural firm of Louis E. Jallade & Joel D. Barber completed the work which included converting the tenement for classroom use and changing the façade of the church by remodeling the door in the Colonial Revival style, adding brick quoins and a stone lintel as well as moving the door from the center to the western bay where it remains today. Following the completion of the renovations, in 1901 the church was renamed the People’s Home Church and Settlement. In addition to a sanctuary, the buildings housed a kindergarten, nursery, gymnasium, public baths and classrooms. The Church primarily served a German population but also had a large Italian Mission and services were offered in both languages. The Methodist Episcopal Church closed the church in 1930 and it became a Russian church in 1931. In 1941 the Church and the tenement were sold to the Russian Ukrainian & Polish Pentecostal Church, the first Slavic Pentecostal Church in the United States. The Russian Ukrainian & Polish Pentecostal Church was established in 1919 by Ivan Efimovicha Voronaeff a Russian-born minster who converted from the Baptist faith to Pentecostalism. Before acquiring the buildings at 543-545 East 11th Street, the Church used the facilities of the Emmanuel Presbyterian Church at 737 6th Street, between Avenues C & D. The Emmanuel Presbyterian Church remains at the same location, but its stunning High Victorian Gothic building (1874) was demolished and replaced by a Brutalist style building in 1970. By 1983, the Ukrainian and Polish speaking congregants had formed separate churches and the building was renamed the Evangelical Christian Church. In 1998, the Evangelical Church merged with The Father’s ...

400 East 9th Street; 146-148 First Avenue Building Date : 1851 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : James Wood Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations Block 5 is comprised of three buildings erected together along with lots 7 and 8 in 1851. The buildings are four-stories along First Avenue and 9th Street with a two-story portion at the rear along 9th Street. Most historic details have been removed or stripped, including a cornice on the west facade. Simple rectangular window lintels and sills still remain.

110 First Avenue Building Date : 1841-1843 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : E. Davis Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This building was likely three-and-a-half stories tall with a peaked roof when it was constructed in 1841-43. It was later raised to five stories. A new storefront designed by architect Julius Kastner was installed in 1895. The second-story windows were bricked up at that time. The present facade has been modified since then. Most historic details, like the window lintels, sills, and the cornice have been stripped.

Vegetable vendor, ca. 1970.

St. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church, viewed from Tompkins Square Park, ca. 1977. During the 1840s, a significant population of Irish immigrants settled in the Dry Dock District, in the present-day Alphabet City section of Manhattan's East Village. St. Brigid's was founded to serve this heavily Catholic community, with the cornerstone of the Patrick Keely-designed church laid in 1848. During the late 1980s, St. Brigid's became aligned with protestors and the neighborhood's homeless and disadvantaged residents, especially during the Tompkins Square park riots and relate police actions. By this time, the church's structure — built on piles in infilled marshland — had been deteriorating for some time (the church's twin steeples were dismantled in 1962, due to safety concerns). In 2001, longstanding structural concerns came to a head when the archdiocese ordered the church closed after engineers found it to be in imminent danger of collapse. In 2004, the parish was officially disbanded. In July 2006, demolition began abruptly, after unsuccessful efforts buy the Committee to Save St. Brigid's to forestall the wrecking ball. After immediate public outcry, the Manhattan Supreme Court temporarily stayed demolition, before permanently halting proceedings in August. Two years later, an anonymous gift of $20 million changed parish fortunes, funding a five year restoration project. Today, the renovated church is home to combined parishes of St. Brigid's and St. Emeric.

215 East 10th Street Building Date : 1891 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Fay Stacom Original Architect : Charles Rentz Description & Building Alterations The two tenements at 213 and 215 East 10th Street were erected together in 1891. They were designed by architect Charles Rentz, who also designed Webster Hall. The two buildings share identical facade elements despite being different building heights. No. 215 is six stories high and features a bracketed cornice with a paneled frieze, floral decorated window surrounds at the fifth and sixth stories, balconettes at the fifth story with cubic carvings beneath, molded arches at the fourth story, figural keystones, ornate panels, and quoins flanking the side windows of the second and third stories. There is a molded cornice above the first story, acanthus ornaments over the second-floor windows, masks at the keystones of the segmental-arched windows of the third floor, and cherubs in the spandrels of the arched windows of the fourth floor. The entrance is flanked by incised pilasters with lion head carvings at the top supporting a molded entablature.

156 First Avenue Building Date : 1898 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Tobias Krakouer Original Architect : George Frederick Pelham Description & Building Alterations Originally built in 1898, this six-story brick dumbbell tenement building on 156 First Avenue was built in the same project as 158 and 160 First Avenue. It served and continues to serve as space for a store and apartments. The three buildings share identical facade. No. 156 features bracketed cornice with decorative frieze, round-arched window openings with brick lintels and key stones at third and sixth stories, slightly projecting brick piers through fifth and sixth stories, ornamented panels, elaborate bracketed window lintels with molding or triangular pediments at second and fourth stories, beltcourses. There is a molded cornice above the storefront, and metal pilasters with attached columns flanking the main entry.

Now that school is back in session and summer weather is having its last hurrahs, we’re all either living by the bell or remembering the days when we did. So many schools in our neighborhoods have come and gone over the decades, while others have stuck around. While all these schools served the function of educating young people, many also delight passersby with their architecture. So while there are many beautiful schools out there, this post is dedicated to the forgotten ones that went out of session and never went back in — school buildings that remain, but have been put to new and different uses.

Whereas once when a person died, the family prepared the body at home, mourners visited at home, and one's community provided the labor for burial, new technology developed during and as a result of the Civil War—embalming— allowed funeral business to thrive. In the decades after the Civil War in New York City, carpenters became coffin makers and then undertakers, religious societies took on funerary responsibilities and liverymen who once only moved the deceased to outer borough rural cemeteries took on more mortuary duties. By the early 20th century, storefront undertakers served neighborhoods all over the city, catering to different ethnic enclaves and social-economic groups. They provided all-encompassing services: acting as notaries, securing wake, funeral and burial venues, and furnishing transportation. In 1917 commercial photographer William Hassler was hired by Sunnyside Magazine, a long-running undertaker trade journal to document some of New York's grimmest businesses. (It should be noted that The Sunnyside was not the only such publication, though it was the most pleasantly named; others included The Casket and The Weekly Shroud.) The resulting illustrated article was entitled "Grewsome Undertaker Establishments."

331 East 10th Street Building Date : 1904 Original Use : Institutional Original Owner : New York Public Library Original Architect : McKim, Mead & White Description & Building Alterations The Tompkins Square Branch of the New York Public Library is one of the earliest branches commissioned by Andrew Carnegie. It was designed by the nationally known firm, McKim, Mead & White, who was responsible for many classically influenced buildings in New York City and twelve other Carnegie branch libraries. Andrew Carnegie funded 67 local libraries in New York City, most of which were designed by the city’s top architecture firms. McKim, Mead and White designed thirteen libraries. This building was designated a New York City Landmark in May of 1998. Constructed in 1904 in the Classical Revival Style, the building’s three story, three-bay wide limestone and granite facade features rusticated piers from the ground level to the cornice, which consists of dentils and an ornamented frieze. Each story is separated by a belt course. On the second level, the windows are topped with decorated tympanums and surrounded with rounded arches that are repeated on the ground level. At the center of the tympanums is the seal of the City of New York , flanked by colophones of the Aldine Press of Venice and the Christophe Plantin Press of Antwerp.

Touring the streets surrounding Tompkins Square Park, we look at moments in time where the actions of neighbors, activists and local organizations helped change the course of history, letting personal recollection guide us through these sites. Learn how constant advocacy through zoning, historic districts and landmarking efforts helps ensure the survival of small businesses, spaces of community, and architectural identity in the East Village.

115 Avenue A Building Date : 1858-59 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Bessy & Hipler Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story, three-bay wide building was originally erected in 1858-59, along with the buildings at 117-123 Avenue A. The lot was once part of William B. Astor’s holdings and was leased between c. 1850-1875. The present facade of No. 115 features bracketed cornice with a simple paneled frieze, simple rectangular lintels and sills, and small rectangular windows added to the right of center bay at second to fourth stories. A new storefront was constructed in 1931.

515 East 12th Street Building Date : 1869 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Louis Schworer Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five story Italianate style pre-law tenement would have been built around the same time as its neighbor at no. 517 East 12th Street, when both lots’ values rose significantly. Lot 57 shifted from $3,000 to $10,000 between 1868 and 1869. It is likely, also, that both were designed by the same architect. Unlike its neighbor, 515 East 12th Street retains its cornice and some of its projecting segmental lintels. Some additional openings have been cut in the wall to house air-conditioning units.

93 St. Marks Place ca. 1916 Since 1896, the Little Missionary Day Nursery has been serving the families of the Lower East Side and the East Village, providing care and education for the young children of this area. It was founded by Sara Curry, who dedicated her life to the care of the neighborhood’s impoverished children and their families. Sara Curry (c. 1863-1940) was known locally as The Little Missionary due to both her diminutive stature and her work with the impoverished families of the Lower East Side. She came to New York City from Utica New York in 1896. She started her nursery in two rooms she rented at 204 Avenue C, providing local working parents a place to bring their children where they would be fed and looked after. But her work wasn’t restricted to just the nursery. She took it upon herself to go into people’s homes and help residents improve their living quarters and aid those who were sick. By 1898 she had moved her nursery to 365 East 10th Street, and her work began to receive attention by the press. With that increased awareness by the public, financial assistance came by way of several wealthy philanthropists. With the aid of these philanthropists, Sara was able to incorporate the school and purchase the house at 93 St. Mark’s Place as a permanent home for the school. Additionally, one of the benefactors donated his home as a summer retreat for sick mothers and their children. An article in 1908 in Harper’s Weekly described the scope of the work of the school and breadth of services: Here are a few things done during 1907: children received at the Nursery. more than 28,000; poor families visited, 16,000; sick persons nursed, 10,000; families provided with Thanksgiving dinners, 624 (which amounted to 3800 individuals); children and sick mothers received at the summer home at Netherwood, New Jersey, 2423. There were also nightly meetings for girls, boys, mothers, and fathers. All of these services were conducted with the aim to “restore dejected families to moral and physical health and teach them self-support and self-respect” as described in that same article in Harper’s Weekly. Sara retired from the school in 1940 and her adopted daughter, Anna Almasy, took over managing the school. Sara died that same year. Well over a century after it’s founding, the Little Missionary Day Nursery, still located at 93 St. Mark’s Place, continues Sara’s tradition of serving the community.

New York City has the largest network of community gardens in the United States. Community gardens borrow from earlier urban-gardening movements, such as Frannie Griscolm Parsons' educational "Farm-Gardens" of the early 20th-century and Depression-era "subsistence gardens" which provided for communities across the city. Beginning in the 1960s, New Yorkers increasingly favored progressive government programs and looked towards the city to sponsor many past-due revitalization efforts for neighborhoods. One such effort was community gardens, which beautified abandoned lots and, most importantly, allowed the community to have an active say in the design of their urban environment.

Hare Krishnas in Tompkins Square Park, ca. 1966. On October 9, 1966, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and his followers gathered in Tompkins Square Park, sat under the large, long-standing, American elm tree near the center of park and held the first outdoor chanting session outside of India. For more than two hours, Prabhupada and his disciples in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness repeated their 16-word mantra in front of a gathering crowd. This event is considered the founding of the Hare Krishna religion in the United States and devotees still visit the tree as a significant location in their history and community.

540 East 13th Street | Block : 406 | Lot #24 Building Date : 1923 Original Use : Commercial Original Owner : Louis Levey Original Architect : Morris Whinston Description & Building Alterations The current building was constructed in 1923 by architect Morris Whinston as a one-story laundry, according to the Office for Metropolitan History. A 1915 photograph reveals that an earlier laundry building existed here previously.

109 First Avenue Building Date : 1852 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : James Sparrow Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five-story brick tenement was originally built in 1852 as a house and was probably altered into a tenement before 1887. Its owner, James Sparrow, also owned the adjacent building at No. 111 First Avenue. Most historic details on the facade have been stripped, including the cornice, after multiple alterations through time.

225 East 10th Street Building Date : Before 1853, 1967 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Unknown (Before 1853), Gas Light Realty Corp. (1960-64) Original Architect : Unknown (Before 1853), M. Martin Elkind (1960-64) Description & Building Alterations This five-story residential building was altered from two four-story with basement tenements originally on the lot. During an alteration in 1916, the entrances to the two tenements at 225-227 East 10th Street were moved to the basement. It was not until 1960 that the two buildings were combined into one, from an alteration designed by M. Martin Elkind. The present facade features a plain brick surface. Most of the historical elements were lost after the renovation.

182 First Avenue; 401-403 East 11th Street Building Date : 1866-67 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Martin Miller Original Architect : Julius Boekell Description & Building Alterations Currently two buildings stand on this lot. The five-story brick tenement at 182 First Avenue was built in 1866-67 for stores and 8 families, designed by architect Julius Boekell. Its present facade features a bracketed cornice, segmental-arched window openings with molded lintels and footed sills. Windows have been added and altered at the two center bays on the front facade. The first story has also been altered and filled in with brick. The two-story extension at 403 East 11th Street was originally erected in 1866-67 as a one-story store, and was altered into a five-story tenement around the turn of the century.

127 First Avenue Building Date : 1855 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Joseph Wood Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five-story tenement building was originally erected in 1855. The present facade features bracketed cornice with paneled cornice, molded window lintels and sills with brackets. The window sills at second story have been strippe

103-107 East 7th Street Building Date : 1900-01 Original Use : Religious Institution Original Owner : St. Stanislaus B. & M. Church Original Architect : Arthur Arctander Description & Building Alterations This two-story with tower, Gothic Revival-style church was built in 1900-01 for the St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Church. It was designed by the church’s architect Arthur Arctander. The Roman Catholic Church of St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr, founded in 1873, is the church of the oldest Polish Roman Catholic congregation in Manhattan. In 1999 and 2001, Polish president Lech Walesa visited this church. The brick church features a tripartite facade divided by engaged pilasters. Three pointed arced entrances are found at the first story and Gothic arched stained-glass windows are found at the second story. The squared bell tower features a thin steeple, stone finials, and pinnacles at the roof line. A cornerstone on the western corner of the church reads “A.D. 1900.”

131 First Avenue Building Date : mid 19th century/1939 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : unknown/Aron L. Frankel Original Architect : unknown/S. Pollack Description & Building Alterations This one-story brick commercial building was originally a five-story mid 19th century tenement (a flower and fruit stand constructed in 1901 adjoining the building on the north side). In 1939 the upper stories of the tenement were demolished leaving the cellar and first floor and the one-story store space was extended to cover the entire lot. The storefront was partially replaced in 1963 due to a fire.

96 St. Marks Place, 1980. Led Zeppelin immortalized the twin tenements at 96 and 98 St. Mark’s Place between First Avenue and Avenue A for the cover of their album Physical Graffiti. The cover featured the two buildings (with the fourth floors removed to make them fit the square shape of the album cover) with the windows cut out to reveal the letters of the album title printed on the inner sleeve, or, if the sleeve was reversed, a series of images of different characters seeming to occupy the building, including lead-singer Robert Plant in drag. The buildings earn double notoriety in rock and roll history as the place where Keith Richards meets Mick Jagger in the video for ‘Waiting on a Friend’ (the two end up meeting the rest of the band and playing in the bar just a few doors down at 132 First Avenue and St. Mark’s, now known as V Bar). 96 and 98 St. Mark’s Place’s place in popular cultural history is now noted by the presence of a used clothing store in the basement called Physical Graffiti. These old-law or ‘dumbbell’ tenements were constructed in 1890.

297 East 10th Street is the first full building seen at left (with the woman in the white skirt in front).

406 East 14th Street; 413 East 13th Street Building Date : 1894-96 (No. 406), 1945 (No. 413) Original Use : Institutional Original Owner : Church of the Immaculate Conception Original Architect : Barney & Chapman (No. 406), Eggers & Higgins (No. 413) Description & Building Alterations Two buildings currently stand on this lot, both originally built and owned by the Church of Immaculate Conception. No. 406 East 14th Street, the former Grace Chapel, was designed by architect Barney & Chapman and erected in 1894 in stone and Roman brick. The mission closed in 1943, after which the complex was bought by Immaculate Conception, which had lost its 1858 Gothic Revival church during the construction of Stuyvesant Town. This building is a great example of Gothic Eclectic architecture and as such was designated as a New York City landmark in 1966 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The church consists of three major sections, a free-standing tower with clean-cut profile at center, a church section with a steep gable facing the street and an attached intimate round chapel, and two wings of three and a half stories with peaked roofs. According to the Office for Metropolitan History, the four-story building at No. 413 East 13th Street was built in 1945 as a convent and school. It features brick facing, simple window enframements, crosses at the top of the side bays, an inscription on top of the first floor, and projecting brickwork at the first and second stories.

East Side Hebrew Institute ca. 1975 Now home to seven apartments, 295 East 8th Street a.k.a. 127 Avenue B, opened in 1887 as the Children’s Aid Society, Tompkins Square Lodging for Boys and Industrial School. Landmarked in 2000, 295 East 8th Street was “one of a series of buildings in which the Children’s Aid Society sheltered and educated destitute working children, particularly newsboys and bootblacks.” according to the designation report. Designed by Calvert Vaux of the architectural firm of Vaux and Redford, in the style of High Victorian Gothic, the building is the oldest remaining property built for the use of the Children’s Aid Society. It may be the oldest remaining boarding house designed by Vaux. The land acquisition and building construction was funded by a $50,000 donation by Mrs. Robert L. Stuart, (about $1 million today according to the Daytonion). From 1887 to 1910 the building served its original purpose which was not just to house, feed, and clothe the boys, but to reform them into successful members of society. In 1910 the building ceased operations as a boarding house and was a Children’s Aid Society school until 1925. In 1925 the building was purchased by the Darchei Noam Congregation, which used the space as a Jewish social service building and Yeshiva for almost the next 50 years. The building was left vacant in 1974 until it was purchased in 1977 and developed into apartments in 1978. It was renovated again in 2003. Matt Dillon allegedly lived at 295 East 8th Street in the mid 2000’s

Christodora House ca. 1929 Christodora House was constructed in 1928 as a settlement house for low- income and immigrant residents, providing food, shelter, and educational and health services. It was founded by Christina Isobel MaColl and Sarah Carson to care for “the physical, social, intellectual, and spiritual development of the people in the crowded portions of the city of New York, and the training of those who shall be in residence in practical methods of settlement work.” Christodora House also launched the career of social reformer Harry Lloyd Hopkins, advisor to Franklin D. Roosevelt and architect of the New Deal programs. Christodora’s bold experiment in providing both housing and services in the same building was an important but challenging one. The combination presaged the mix typically found in public housing, which began in New York around the same time just blocks away at First Houses. However, in part because of the massive expansion of publicly funded public housing nearby providing similar services and housing, Christodora’s model became more and more financially burdensome, and the building was sold via condemnation to the City in 1948. The building remained abandoned or semi-utilized until 1975, when the City sold it to a private owner. After changing hands many times in the ensuing years, in 1986 work began to convert the building to high-end residences, and it became a symbol of gentrification in the neighborhood, as well as a flashpoint for resistance to it. That said, the building has housed a number of notable artists and activists in the years since its conversion, including Iggy Pop. Today the East Village Community Coalition also calls the building home.

428 East 11th Street Building Date : 1852 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Stevens Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations Originally a five-story tenement was built on this lot along with 426 East 11th Street. They were raised to six stories at some point after 1970. In 2007 the two buildings were combined and renovated during an alteration designed by OCV Architects. The present facade features a molded cornice, brick facing at second to fifth stories, stucco at the sixth story, and a new simple modern front at the first story.

121 East 7th Street Building Date : 1843-45/1903 alt. Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Hungarian Reformed Church Original Architect : Frederick Ebeling Description & Building Alterations This three-story with basement building was constructed in 1843-45 as a row house. In 1903, it was altered into the Gothic Revival First Hungarian Reformed Church and its rectory by architect Fred Ebeling. In 1904 the front facade was extended to the street line and the bell tower was added. The building was sold to the Christian Orthodox Catholic Church of the Eastern Confession in North America in 1916, and to the Church of St. Peter & St. Paul Russian Orthodox Church in 1935. It was then purchased by St. Mary’s American Orthodox Greek Catholic Church in 1961. The three-bay wide church is clad in an artificial stone surface as the result of a 1961 alteration. The building features a short central bell tower with a Slavic cross covered by a hipped roof above a fourth story window, round arched openings at the first story, pointed arched openings at the second and third stories, and a decorative painted transom over the center entrance.

“View of 18-story Christadora House from Tompkins Square, showing a game of ball being played in the park. February 29, 1929.” Designed by Henry C. Pelton, the building originally included both a settlement house, with various social services and community facilities (including an indoor swimming pool), and residential apartments to support the settlement’s activities via rental income. In 1948, no longer able to finance settlement operations, the Christadora Board of Managers sold the building to the city. It fell into disuse — or extra-legal use — for decades before being redeveloped as condominiums in the 1980s, becoming a target of the 1988 Tompkins Square Park Riot for its role in the neighborhood’s nascent gentrification.

This five-story old law tenement, designed by Benjamin E. Lowe in the Queen Anne style, was built in 1888 for owner Emma J. Mason. The red brick building was originally occupied by 18 families. The storefront consists of pilasters and a modillioned cornice. The upper story windows consist of brownstone and plain lintels (the lintels on the third story have been replaced). In 1967, the deteriorated cornice was removed and replaced with a brick parapet. A map of East Village art galleries from 1983 (see sidebar) shows that Civilian Warfare was at this location. This image is from Village Preservation's East Village Building Blocks map. You can explore the map and learn more about buildings in the East Village by clicking here.

636 East 6th Street | Block : 387 | Lot #127 Building Date : 1846 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : John Pheilan Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations No. 636 East 6th Street was erected in 1846 as a row house. It was altered for the United Brethren Mission of the Moravian Church in 1889 by architects Calvert Vaux and George K. Radford. In 1906, the building became a synagogue. On the 1853 map it is a brick dwelling. On the 1868 map, the house has been extended at the rear and it is labeled “Moravian Chapel,” and by 1893 it is labeled “P.E. Church.” The first architect associated with the building, in 1889, is George Kent Radford, who worked with Calvert Vaux on the building adjacent in the same year. Originally a Moravian Chapel, the building also served as a German Church and a synagogue at one time. A rose window was once above the door where there is now a cross in a recessed circle. There was also a cornice at the top of the building, similar in design to its neighbor at 638 East 6th Street. Based on alteration permits from 1909, it appears that the front of the building underwent significant changes. The bricks at the top of the facade are set at forty five degree angles, creating an interesting pattern and texture. Terra cotta tiles cover the window openings. The openings are capped by decorative brick work and are arched at the tops; the center opening features a pointed arch.

231 East 10th Street Building Date : 1889 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Adam Happel Original Architect : William Graul Description & Building Alterations This five-story brick tenement was originally erected in 1889 for 20 families, designed by architect William Graul. The present facade features a red brick surface with some stone pieces, window lintels with segmental arches, carved keystones and neo-Grec details at the first story, decorated panels, brick piers with plain capitals, and entry portico with columns supporting a bracketed door hood. The original cornice was removed prior to the 1980s.

Snowstorm on Avenue A, ca. 1888. This is possibly the aftermath of Great Blizzard of 1888, a March snowstorm that lasted three days and froze transport across the Northeast. In New York City, frozen and broken telephone and telegraph lines created hazardous conditions, with exposed wires and infrastructure (poles, etc.) obstructing street and sidewalk traffic, as seen above. The building at far left (with Meltzer Bros. beer advertisement) is likely 225 Avenue A at the southwest corner of 14th Street. In the background at center is the 14th Street station of the Second Avenue El, which ran over First Avenue between Houston and 23rd Streets.

539 East 12th Street Building Date : 1845 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Joseph Stuyvesant Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations According to tax records, this modest three story brick row house was built in 1845. The bracketed cornice and parapet are unusual for this style, and both were likely added at a later date. The storefront has been altered over the years, but the entrance on the right seems to have retained a bracketed pediment.

174 – 176 First Avenue Building Date : 1840-41 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : E. Townsend Original Architect : Unknown The two buildings on this lot were originally erected in 1840-41, along with the buildings at nos. 172 and 178 First Avenue. No. 174, a three story and basement structure, features a bracketed cornice with paneled frieze, hooded window lintels with moldings, and footed sills. The first and basement levels have been reconfigured to accommodate additional retail. No. 176, opened in 1904 as Caffè Pugliese by Paolo DeRobertis, an immigrant from Puglia in Apuli, was probably raised to the current height around the turn of the century. The five-story structure features a projecting bracketed cornice with decorated frieze and simplified window lintels and sills. The first floor housed DeRobertis Pasticceria & Caffe, which represents the Italian immigrant population in the early 20th Century.

113 First Avenue; 86-88 East 7th Street Building Date : 1852 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : James Sparrow Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five-story brick tenement was originally built in 1852 as a house and probably altered into a tenement before 1887. The present facade features a simple molded cornice, molded lintels and rectangular sills. The original storefront was altered in 1887.

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57 St. Mark’s Place | Block : 450 | Lot #46 Building Date : 1849-50 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William Smith Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story with basement building was originally erected in 1849-50 as a private dwelling for one family. It was used as a club house in the early 20th century, and then was turned into a church space occupied by the Holy Cross Polish National Catholic Church in the mid-20th century. Most elements of the present facade probably date from the mid-20th century or later. Features include the triangular pediment at the center roofline, and point-arched openings at first and second stories. The building also housed Club 57, a famous contemporary art venue, in the 1980s. Performers Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, Keith Haring, Kenny Scharf, Jean-Michel Basquiat, RuPaul and Ann Magnuson all emerged from this club and from the Pyramid Club at 101 Avenue A.

Allen Ginsberg lived at 437 E. 12th Street (second building from the right) when he memorialized his view of Mary Help of Christians Church from his tenement window in the poem “May Days, 1988”. At the time, the plain building mid-frame was a convent, whose sisters used to run across the street to ring the church bells!

Crowds gather for Mayor Fiorello La Guardia's remarks at the opening of the First Avenue Retail Market, 1938.

This image was gifted to the National Art Gallery by Gary S. David.

94 Avenue A Building Date : 1854 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William B. Astor Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This tenement building was likely built in 1854 and contains residential space on the upper floors and commercial space on the ground floor. The four-story corner building has a primary facade on Avenue A as well as a secondary facade on East 6th Street. The secondary facade on East 6th Street is only the building’s full height on part of the lot, while a one story extension abuts the neighboring building. The facade is a simple red brick with six windows on each floor of the Avenue side. The lintels are simple, rectangular and flush with the front of the building. The brick parapet has been built where the cornice has been removed and is stylistically typical of an alteration from the 1920s or 1930s.

72 St. Marks Place Building Date : 1845, 1932 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William H. Webb(1845), Stuyvesant Neighborhood House(1932) Original Architect : Unknown(1845), Edward I. Shire & Brian Baylinson(1932) Description & Building Alterations Originally portions of lot 5 and lot 6, the current building was constructed in 1932 combining two four-story houses constructed in 1845. In 1932 the Stuyvesant Neighborhood House converted the two houses into one, based on the settlement house already located on the then Lot 6. The basement and first floor were used as janitors’ quarters and social hall, the upper floors as club rooms and the top floor as leaders’ living room. All historic features have been stripped as the facade has been heavily altered since 1932.

410-414 East 13th Street Building Date : 1907 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : S. Wanderman & Sons Original Architect : Henry G. Harris Description & Building Alterations This six-story brick new law tenement was erected at the same time as the three buildings at 416-426 East 13th Street. It was also designed by the same architect, Henry G. Harris, who gave these buildings similar facade designs and elements. This six-bay wide building, originally for stores and 34 families, features elaborate window surrounds with pilasters and triangular pediments, splayed lintels with keystones, and rectangular sills with ornaments. The lintels at the sixth story have been stripped and the roof cornice has been removed. Before the present building was constructed, the lot held a wagon factory.

Pretzel vendor at First Avenue and 14th Street, under the Second Avenue elevated station, ca. 1935.

297 East 10th Street Building Date : c. 1846 Original Use : Unknown Original Owner : Walter F. Brush Original Architect : Joseph Trench (attributed) Description & Building Alterations This four-story residential building was constructed in 1846 for original owner Walter F. Brush, and was designed by Joseph Trench. The three-bay wide building was originally designed in a transitional Greek Revival and Italianate styles. Though alteration plans filed by architect Louis F. Heinecke indicate that the building’s peaked roof was removed and the upper story was raised in 1893. The Queen Anne style elements such as the cornice, lintels, and sills date to this period. A plaque on the facade reads “Doctor I. Grossman,” after the building’s owner and occupant from the 1930s. Other facade features include molded iron lintels and sills, and the bracketed and modillioned cornice is raised in the center. Adolf Mandel, a wealthy banker, lived at No. 297 East 10th Street from 1903 to 1912.

346 East 13th Street Building Date : 1903 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Isidore Gottlieb Original Architect : Sass & Smallheiser Description & Building Alterations This new-law tenement building was completed in 1903 by architects Sass & Smallheiser for owner Isidore Gottlieb. The building housed 25 families. In 1910 a water closet was added by the then-owner Aaron Gottlieb and architect Harry Zlat. In 1914 the front wall beyond the building line was removed and rebuilt behind the property line. The present building is six stories in height, six bays wide, and clad in brick with a rusticated stone clad first floor. The symmetrical front elevation has segmental and round arched openings at the fist floor with scrolled keystones and a centered entry with a portico. The portico features an entablature with modillions and is supported by columns with folliated capitals. Stone ornament in the upper floors include quoins, lintels, and sills, and thin cornices between the second and third floors, as well as the fifth and sixth floors. The sixth floor has round arched windows. Unfortunately, the cornice at the parapet has been removed

125 First Avenue Building Date : 1855 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Joseph Wood Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five-story tenement building was originally erected in 1855, together with the buildings at 127 and 129 First Avenue. The present facade features bracketed cornice, molded window lintels and simple rectangular sills. The storefronts have been reconfigured multiple times during alterations in 1885, 1913, and 1942.

501 East 11th Street Building Date : 1898 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Department of Housing Preservation & Development Original Architect : Michael Frudakis Description & Building Alterations This somewhat plain, post-modern brick apartment building was constructed in 1998. Before demolition in 1984, four five-story pre-law tenements (with ground floor stores) stood here. The building that stood at 501 East 11th Street, corner of Avenue B, was home to famous author Jack Kerouac during the summer of 1953 and was said to be the inspiration for the setting of his novel, The Subterraneans.

Public School 36, 1920. Constructed in 1876 as Grammar School No. 36 and designed by David I. Stagg (whose career as a builder of schools lasted half a century), the school building on East 9th Street replaced a previous Board of Education school on the site (Ward School 21). The four-story structure with a five-story central entrance bay, Grammar School 36, later P.S. 36, remained in service to the neighborhood children until the 1970s. For three decades at the end of the 20th century it was the home of the Henry Street Settlement Day Care and Loisaida, a Latino neighborhood revitalization organization. In 2011 the former school underwent a massive interior and exterior renovation. The building had a a full fifth floor added on either side of the historic top floor bay. Today it functions as a residence for homeless young adults and youth that have aged out of the foster system, as well as a community center for the Loisaida organization.

This image is part of Robert Fisch's collection on Village Preservation's Historic Image Archive, to explore more images like this click here. This collection of photos was donated by longtime Greenwich Village resident Robert Fisch, primarily of the Greenwich Village of his youth in the 1980s, landmarks and familiar sights of the neighborhood and city in the decades since then, the former World Trade Center and 9/11, and the annual Gay Pride Parade.

165 Avenue A Building Date : 1880 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Louis Rallwagen Original Architect : William Jose Description & Building Alterations The four buildings at 165-171 Avenue A were constructed in 1880 designed by architect William Jose and owned by Louis Rallwagen. They shared an identical facade when completed. No. 165 features a bracketed cornice with paneled frieze, hooded window lintels, with neo Grec-style triangular pediments at the third story, footed sills, patterned brickwork, decorative beltcourses, and engaged pilasters with neo-Grec details flanking the main entry.

235-237 First Avenue; 350 East 14th Street Building Date : 1949 Original Use : Commercial Original Owner : First Federal Saving & Loan Association Original Architect : R.B. O'Connor & W.H. Kiham Jr. Description & Building Alterations Built in 1949, this five-story building was originally the First Federal Savings & Loan Bank, designed by R.B. O’Conner & W.H. Kiham Jr. The building housed a vault, offices, banking hall, and a store front. In 1951, two dental offices were housed in the upper floors of the building. It is five stories in height, three bays on the First Avenue elevation and five bays at the East 14th Street elevation. It is clad in brick in a Flemish stretcher bond. There are limestone classical details and belt courses above and below the top story. A limestone cornice caps the first floor. There are stone lintels with keystones at the second floor. The corner of the building is chamferred and the main entry is at that corner. The entry features a classical surround with pediment and half columns. Some of the first floor windows are arched with limestone keystones. The building no longer houses a bank; however, the name of the original tenant is carved in the limestone over the first floor.

229 East 10th Street Building Date : 1889 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Charles & Aug. Ruff Original Architect : Schneider & Herter Description & Building Alterations This four-bay wide, five-story tenement was erected in 1889 and designed by architects Schneider & Herter. It was originally built for 21 families, including one in the basement. The building facade features a bracketed cornice with elevated center piece and a brick round arch and projecting pier below, elaborate foliate beltcourses and decorations, patterned brickwork, round-arched window openings at the third story with keystones, ornamented panels, and segmental-arched window openings with figural keystones at the first story. The entrance is set on a stoop, flanked by short Corinthian columns supporting a round brick arch with tiled spandrels and a bracketed door hood on top.

601-630 East 9th Street; 143 Avenue B Building Date : 1928 Original Use : Settlement House Original Owner : Christodora House Original Architect : Henry C. Pelton Description & Building Alterations On the northeast corner of Avenue B and East 9th Street is the Christodora House, founded as the Young Women’s Settlement by Christina MacColl and Sarah Libby Carson. Built in 1928 and designed by Henry C. Pelton, the building originally served as a settlement house, a charity organization that provided housing, food, training, and health care to low-income immigrants. Its construction was funded by Mr. Arthur Curtiss James, a wealthy railroad and mining tycoon, and his wife, who served as president of Christodora’s board. The building included community spaces, a music school, an auditorium, a gymnasium, a chapel, a lounge, classrooms, and a library. On the upper floors, the building contained residential suites, a dining room, a lounge, a roof garden, and a solarium. It was the first settlement house to provide social services while making a profit, and was located on the at this site to expand the impact of settlement houses north of Houston Street. Several accounts report that George Gershwin gave his first public appearance here. The Christodora House is listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places. The building is clad in red brick, and its brick-faced steel piers are subtly raised. The two-story entryway on Avenue B showcases terra-cotta medallions and grotesques that outline the limestone enframement with fluted pilasters. At the top of the building, bands of Romanesque-inspired ornament outline the parapets. Like many of its neighbors, the building fell into disrepair in the post-World War II years and in 1969, due to extensive damage to the electrical system, the building was condemned. It sat vacant until 1975 when it was purchased at auction. In 1986, two developers converted the building into luxury condos, sparking anti-gentrification riots by residents. On August 6, 1988 for instance, upset neighbors organized a protest rally. Responding to unprovoked attacks by the police, protesters used a police barricade to smash the windows and front door of the Christodora House, vandalizing the building’s lobby.

521 East 6th Street, ca. 1970s. In the 1970s, East 6th Street between Avenues A and B was transformed into Little Italy for the Godfather Part II. At the time of production, the movie actually presented a fascinating record of what 1920s-era New York City looked like. The Oscar-winning sequel used East 6th Street to depict Vito Corleone’s Italian neighborhood of 1917, where he first started his family and his life of crime.

434 East 11th Street Building Date : 1852-53 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : John Bennett Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story tenement was originally built in 1852-53. Most historical elements have been stripped from the facade, including the bracketed cornice, molded window lintels and rectangular sills. The building today features a paint or stucco coating over the brownstone facade, and a molded cornice above the first story.

No. 206 East 7th Street, an Old Law Tenement, was constructed in 1900 and designed by architect Michael Bernstein, one year after its architecturally similar neighbor at 204 East 7th Street, by the same architect. Allen Ginsberg lived in the building from 1952 to 1953 after his institutionalization at Columbia Presbyterian Psychiatric Institute. Ginsberg befriended a fellow patient named Carl Solomon, nephew of A. A. Wyn of Ace Books. Solomon helped publish Junkie: Confessions of an Unredeemed Drug Addict, written by beat generation writer William S. Burroughs as a confessional novel. Ginsberg and Burroughs lived together on the third floor of this building, after Burroughs accidentally shot and killed his wife in Mexico and sought refuge. The six-story building is four bays wide and clad in buff brick. The windows at the first and fifth floors are arched with decorative keystones and the windows at the second floor have segmental arches also with decorative keystones. The windows at the third and fourth floors are capped by ornate lintels and the entire facade features recessed bands of contrasting red brick. The first floor is three bays with the entry at the center and all of the openings are arched. The metal cornice is intact and It originally housed twenty-four families with stores on the ground floor. The architectural features of the building’s upper stories remain intact, however, the above-ground basement appears to have undergone some changes since its construction. This image is from Village Preservation's East Village Building Blocks map. You can explore the map and more buildings in the East Village by clicking here.

Loew's Avenue B Theater Though many theatre magnates from the turn of the century are forgotten, one name from this era still associated with movie theaters today is Loew’s. Started by Marcus Loew, Loew’s Consolidated Enterprises, later Loew’s Inc., became one of the most prestigious theater chains. By 1913 Marcus Loew owned seventeen theaters in the New York City area and several others throughout the northeast. He built what he believed to be his most decadent theater on the corner of Avenue B and East 5th Street – the site of the tenement building in which he grew up. Designed in 1912 by Thomas W. Lamb, Loew’s Avenue B’s facade was clad in white terra cotta and featured over-sized arches and large windows. It was a gleaming contrast to the brick tenements that surrounded it and an impressive design that was meant to evoke an exotic palace. For the residents of the neighborhood, the building and the entertainment it provided must have been a welcome bit of frivolity. Lamb, who was a prolific theater architect, designed nine other theaters in 1912 alone. Over the course of his career he would design around fifty theaters in New York City and several hundred around the world. His theaters, like Loew’s Avenue B, were known for their bold designs in light colored terra cotta with bright punches and high-relief work. Some of his more famous works include the Regent Theater at W. 116th Street and Adam Clayton Powell Boulevard, the Boston Opera House, Capital Theater at 1645 W. Broadway (demolished) and his themed theaters, like the United Palace at W. 175th and Broadway, which still stands today. Loew’s Avenue B, which had one screen and seating for approximately 1,750 people, slowly became outdated. As early as the mid-1920s it began to suffer and when it closed in 1958 it was showing movies that had already been out for some time. The building was demolished around 1968 and replaced with a nursing home.

Tompkins Square Park Building Date : 1834 Original Use : Institutional Original Owner : New York City Original Architect : Julius Munckwitz Description & Building Alterations From swamp land, to public square, to military parade ground, to city park, the lot that is now Tompkins Square Park has a long and varied history. The park is bounded on the north by East 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by East 7th Street, and on the west by Avenue A. St. Marks Place abuts the park to the west. Originally located on land belonging to Peter Stuyvesant, this site was eventually acquired by Daniel D. Tompkins, who served as Governor of New York from 1807 to 1817 and as Vice President of the United States under James Monroe from 1817 to 1825. The park is named for Tompkins. The land was bought by the City in 1834, at which point it was drained, planted, and turned into a public square. The park served as a parade ground for several decades, and in 1878 The New York State Legislature designated the square as a public park. It was redesigned the following year by Julius Munckwitz…

First Avenue Retail Market, 1938. A decisive action in Mayor Fiorello La Guardia's war on pushcarts, the opening of indoor retail markets citywide in the late 1930s and early 1940s moved the Mayor closer to his goal of riding the street of the vendors he claimed were unsanitary and causing traffic congestion. The First Avenue Market, opened in December of 1938, was the second in a series of nine public markets. Designed by architects Albert W. Lewis and John D. Churchill and using federal WPA funds, the new markets were mandated to have running water, rail facilities, and loading platforms. The generally L-shaped space occupied addresses both of First Avenue (the front entrance) and East 10th Street. The vendors within (many of whom who had previous owned pushcarts) sold cheese, vegetables, and a dizzying variety of other products. The markets were successful, often crowded, and survived through the 1960s. Pushcarts, the thorn in La Guardia's side, were never truly were eliminated, despite the new markets. After 1965 the building was used in part by the Department of Sanitation. In the mid 1980s the building was purchased by the avant-garde theatre company, Theater for the New City. The theatre has occupied the space with auditoriums, rehearsal rooms, and offices since 1986. In 2001 the city (who retained the air rights on the building) allowed the construction of a set-back, 16-story, residential tower above the original 1938 market building (which, thankfully retains its 1930s carved signage).

219 First Avenue; 351 East 13th Street Building Date : 1848-50/2014 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Bowen Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations While this building was originally constructed as a row house in 1849-50 for owner John Bowen, little remains of the structure except for the four story, three bay facade on First Avenue and a small part of the brick facade facing East 13th Street. In 2014, it was given a mostly new facade and a two and a half-story rooftop addition. According to tax assessment records, the original building on this site was constructed along with those on the adjacent three lots. It was home to a dry goods store in 1934.

127 Avenue B ca. 1928 This building was erected in 1886 by the Children’s Aid Society as the Tompkins Square Lodging for Boys and Industrial School. It was designed by Calvert Vaux and George K. Radford as a combination home and school for poor boys, particularly newsboys and bootblacks. The Children’s Aid Society engaged Vaux and Radford to design about a dozen residences for needy children between 1879 and 1892; this is the third, in rust-colored brick with matching terra-cotta ornamentation, a varied roofline with dormers and chimneys, and a prominent corner tower — complementing the tower of St. Brigid’s Church across 8th Street. An article in Harper's from 1886 about the building describes its denizens: “the grimy little bootblacks and their rivals in trade, the newsboys.” The boys “can sleep in a common dormitory for a nickel a night. …The boy willing to cough up a dime can sleep like a little prince in his own bed.” The status of child laborers in America was a subject to which Harper’s would return in other articles. The Lodging for Boys, commonly called “the Newsboys Home,” had several lives before becoming a seven-unit apartment building. According to Roland Legiardi-Laura, one of the resident-owners of the building (which also has renters), in the 20th century a Jewish center called Talmud Torah Darchei Noam owned the building, then the East Side Hebrew Institute. In the late 1970s, Legiardi-Laura and others acquired the building and financed a series of renovations, from removing the light yellow and dark red paint that covered the building, to replacing the slate and copper roofing, to renovating the entryway in mahogany, to re-pointing the brick façade. Still ahead, they would like to restore to their original style all 65 window and door penetrations on the two facades; the perimeter metal fencing; and a side entry on the 8th Street alleyway. The owners welcomed designation as a New York City Landmark in 2000, and won a New York Landmarks Conservancy Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award in 2008. And the building continues to inspire pride and joy in its neighbors.

162 First Avenue Building Date : 1846-47 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : James Hart Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story tenement was originally erected in 1846-47. The current building features simplified cornice on west facade, simple molded window lintels and rectangular sills. The storefronts have been largely reconfigured, and some windows on north facade have been filled in with red brick.

532-542 East 12th Street Building Date : N/A Original Use : Playground Original Owner : N/A Original Architect : N/A Description & Building Alterations This large lot is the site of a playground known as Joseph C. Sauer Park. It was once home to a seven-story tenement as well as a school building that can be seen on an 1867 map. The school, designed in a classical style, at one time was called P.S. 126 and is visible in a historic photo from 1931.

First Avenue Retail Market, First Avenue and 10th Street, ca. 1938.

168 First Avenue Building Date : 1838-39/1871 alt. Original Use : Residential Original Owner : R. L. Patterson(1838-39)/Mary Cummiskey(1871) Original Architect : Unknown(1838-39)/William Weissner(1871, builder) This five-story tenement was originally built as a three story structure in 1838-39. During an alteration in 1871 the house was raised to four stories. The fifth story was added in 1891, in conjunction with the building at 170 First Avenue. The famed Italian restaurant Lanza has been at this site since 1904. Most of the interior elements are original to the 114 year old restaurant. The present facade features a Queen Anne-style bracketed cornice with elevated center piece and paneled frieze, molded window lintels with decorated brackets, simple rectangular lintels, engaged pilasters flanking the main entrance, and a molded cornice above the first story.

"Tompkins Square Branch of the New York Public Library, ca. 1904." The history of the Tompkins Square Branch goes back to 1901, when controversial steel magnate Andrew Carnegie donated $5.2 million to the city to help build a network of branch libraries across the five boroughs. The Tompkins Square Branch was the ninth Carnegie Library built in the city and was designed in a restrained Classical Revival style by Charles McKim of the well-known firm of McKim, Mead, & White. Carnegie’s business dealings were known as very anti-labor and for the violent repression of striking workers during the Homestead strike. The library’s designation report notes that the nearby institutional buildings helped influence the siting of the library – these include P.S. 64 to the east, which was in the planning stages, the (now landmarked) public baths a block north on 11th Street, and the Boys Club Building on Avenue A and 10th Street. The library reached out to the local community from its beginning — at the time the large German population was giving way to new immigrant groups like Italians, Eastern-European Jews, and Poles. The library held one of the most extensive Polish book collections in the city, and used its specially-built community rooms for meetings and classes for the public. The New York Public Library Digital Gallery houses a great collection of English language course posters from 1920 that show the diverse communities that the library sought to serve, and continues today. Today the Tompkins Square Branch continues the tradition of community education and offers programs like picture book readings for toddlers, yoga classes, art and manga drawing workshops.

638 East 6th Street Building Date : 1846 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William Shay Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This three story, three bay, masonry structure has a symmetrical facade clad in gray brick with red brick at the top floor set at a 45 degree angle creating an interesting pattern. The parapet is peaked at the center and has a bracketed cornice. The windows are double hung with small square panes around a large center pane. There is a large rose window at the third floor flanked by horseshoe arch windows and decorative egg and dart molding around each. At the center of the second floor is a double hung window capped by a Gothic arched window and also surrounded by egg and dart molding. The round arched entry surround has a replacement door but still maintains the egg and dart molding at the top. The 1853 map illustrates a brick dwelling at this location. By 1868 the structure is a two story store or warehouse and by 1893 it is a brick building with an iron front. The first record of this building comes from an alteration permit in 1869, indicating that the building was being used as an office. A decade later, the building was converted into a synagogue for the Congregation Ahawath Yeshurun Shara Torah. In 1900 in addition to other renovations, ritual baths were built in the basement. The building was used as a synagogue until the 1970’s when the 6th Street Block Association which would become the 6th Street Community Center began to use the building. Some architectural features pointing to its past have been retained, including a Hebrew Inscription over the entry door.

426 East 11th Street Building Date : 1852 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Stevens Original Architect : Unknown Originally a five-story tenement was built on this lot along with 428 East 11th Street. They were raised to six stories at some point after 1970. In 2007 the two buildings were combined and renovated during an alteration designed by OCV Architects. The present facade features a molded cornice, brick facing at second to fifth stories, stucco at the sixth story, and a new simple modern front at the first story.

Tompkins Square Park, Arbor Day, 1904. Named after Daniel H. Tompkins, fourth Governor of New York and Vice President under James Monroe, the Tompkins Square Park site was once part of a salt marsh owned by the Stuyvesant family. The Stuyvesants transferred the land to the city in 1829, and between 1834 and 1850, the site was drained, graded, landscaped, and finally opened as a public park. Arbor Day was founded in the United States in 1872 by a Nebraskan newspaper editor and later Secretary of Agriculture, J. Sterling Morton. It is a holiday (observed in most countries) that celebrates and encourages the care and planting of trees.

Raymon's Candy, date unknown. The candy store and ice cream shop seen here (likely in the early 1980s) is better known as Ray's Candy Store. Established in 1974, Ray's offers a fun mix of treats, including egg creams, soft serve ice cream, frozen yogurt, New Orleans style beignets, Belgian fries, and coffee. It was founded by Ray Alvarez (real name Asghar Ghahraman), an Iranian immigrant who adopted a new identity once in New York. The shop has been featured in a number of television shows and films and remains open today, with Ray still behind the counter.

St. Brigid's Roman Catholic Church In the East Village, the Church of Saint Brigid-Saint Emeric was founded by Irish New Yorkers for an expanding Irish population. Originally known as St. Brigid’s, the church was built by notable Irish-American architect Patrick Keely, who designed and built almost 600 Catholic churches in the Eastern United States and Canada. Built on the corner of Avenue B and 8th Street, the cornerstone was laid in 1848 and was known as the “Irish Famine Church” as . As along the Hudson River in the West Village, commerce along the East River attracted many Irish immigrants. Along the East River, shipbuilding was the primary industry and the Church of St. Brigid’s was so named because Brigid was the patron saint of boatmen. Most recently, the church, in need of serious repair, was restored after a lengthy battle between the parishioners and the Diocese and an anonymous donation of 20 million dollars.

159-161 First Avenue; 242-244 East 10th Street Building Date : 1906 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Lipman & Gold Original Architect : Charles M. Straub Description & Building Alterations This six-story new-law tenement building was originally erected in 1906. The brick clad facade features bracketed cornice with garlanded frieze, beltcourses, splayed window lintels with keystones at second, fifth and sixth stories, window enframements with decorated pilasters at third and fourth stories. The entrance on East 10th Street is flanked by ornate pilasters with foliate top, supporting a molded entrablature. The windows at north bay of the east facade are filled in with brick.

223-225 Avenue A Building Date : 1951 Original Use : Commercial Original Owner : Fleetwood Syndicate Inc. Original Architect : Charles E. Greenberg Description & Building Alterations According to the Office for Metropolitan History, the new building application for this one-story commercial building was filed in 1949 and construction was completed in 1951. The storefronts have been through various alterations. In the early 20th century, this lot housed at least two five-story buildings consisting of stores and tenements.

Designed in 1894 by Department of School Buildings superintendent C.B.J Snyder, the five-story red brick building of Public School 122 served the local community for more than eight decades. Abandoned in 1976, the school building was taken over by a "bunch of scrappy \[..] artists" in the late 1970s. Visual artists used classrooms as studios, while choreographers held rehearsals and workshops in the cafeteria. In 1980 Performance Space 122 (or appropriately, P.S. 122) was officially founded here. The non-profit arts organization has become one of the longest standing venues dedicated to contemporary performance art in New York City. For more than two decades local performance troupes staged pieces in the rooms created for the school, working around architectural columns and inappropriate-for-dancing floors. In 2005 the venue was awarded funds as part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation and closed in 2011 for the work. The spaces in the original building were brought up to code and renovated for their current use, while the architect designed an addition at the rear of the building. With four non-profits occupying the building, including the renamed Performance Space New York, the venue saw programming again starting in spring of 2018. While the occupants were very involved in the renovation and reconfiguring work, they did request that the architects "don’t make it too nice—keep the grit."

334-336 East 14th Street Building Date: 1869-70 Original Use: Institutional Original Owner: First German Baptist Church Original Architect: Julius Boekell Description & Building Alterations This Romanesque Revival building was originally The First German Baptist Church, and later became the Ukrainian Autocephalic Orthodox Church of St. Volodymyr (1926-1962). Since 1962, the building has been home to Congregation Tifereth Israel, Town and Village Synagogue, which was founded in 1949. The religious structure, built in 1869-70 in the Rundbogenstil style, was designated a New York City Landmark in 2014.

137 First Avenue; 81-83 St. Marks Place Building Date : 1844-45 (Nos. 81 & 83) & 1863-66 (No. 37) Original Use : Residential Original Owner : J. V. Snediker (Nos. 81 & 83); George Wetteran (N. 137) Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations Three five-story tenements sit on Lot 33. Originally, two three-and-a-half-story row houses were built on this lot between 1844 and 1845 at 81 & 83 St. Mark’s Place. One of them was raised to four stories and then five stories between 1863 and 1867. The other row house was raised to five stories between 1875 and 1876. Another three-story building was erected on site between 1866 and 1867 at 137 First Avenue and raised to five stories before 1869. All of this information is based on tax records. Most historical details of 137 First Avenue have been lost. No 81 St. Marks Place features a bracketed cornice with a paneled frieze, molded lintels with brackets and footed sills, except at the east bay. No. 83 St. Marks Place features a simplified cornice on the south facade and simple rectangular sills at the corner bay, with some windows infilled and other details stripped.

This image is part of Jillian Jonas's collection on Village Preservation's Historic Image Archive, to explore more images like this click here. In 1979, this venue became the Pyramid Club, established by Bobby Bradley, Alan Mace, and Victor Sapienza. And it is the sole surviving music club from the avant-garde era of the 1980s, and it defines the East Village scene during that decade. Performers Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, Keith Haring, Kenny Scharf, Jean-Michel Basquiat, RuPaul, and Ann Magnuson emerged from this club and from Club 57 at 57 St. Mark’s Place. Since its opening, the Pyramid Club has also been credited with defining the East Village drag and gay scenes of the 1980s and is known for its politically conscious drag performance art and as a hangout for the counterculture of the neighborhood. The Pyramid Club hosted drag performers such as Lypsinka, Lady Bunny, and RuPaul. It was here that the annual Wigstock festival began in 1984 when a group of the club’s drag queens performed a spontaneous drag show at Tompkins Square Park. In addition to performance art, cabaret, and dancing, many up-and-coming bands, such as Nirvana and the Red Hot Chili Peppers, also performed here. Andy Warhol and Debby Harry did a feature on this club for MTV. Madonna appeared at her first AIDS benefit here, and Nirvana and the Red Hot Chili Peppers played their first New York City concerts here. New York Magazine referred to it as “A temple of iniquity for punk rockers, Goth betties, and queers of every feather.”

115 1st Avenue Building Date : 1876 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : J.H. Korner Original Architect : Fredrick Graul & Co. Description & Building Alterations This four-story tenement building was originally erected in 1876 and designed by Frederick Graul & Co.. Most historic details on the facade are not visible today. The historic window lintels and bracketed cornice have been stripped. The windows at the two bays next to the fire escape have been partially infilled by red brick, and the entire first-floor storefront has been reconfigured.

Grace Chapel ARCHITECT: Barney & Chapman DATE: 1894-96 STYLE: Gothic Eclectic Among its important qualities, the Grace Chapel is a superb example of Gothic Eclectic architecture. The building possesses individual distinction and character. Along with its companion buildings, the Clergy Houses, it combines to form a notable architectural composition, adding to the prestige of the neighborhood and that the building contributes a rare charm and architectural beauty to New York City.

Loew's Avenue B Theater, ca. 1960. Loew's Avenue B Theatre was designed by famed theatre architect Thomas Lamb. Opened in 1912, the facade was clad in bright white terra cotta, eye catching among the dark brick of the nearby tenements. A single screen movie house that sat 1,750 patrons, the business began experiencing low attendance as early as the mid 1920s. The theatre closed in 1958 and the building was demolished in 1968, replaced with a nursing home.

424 East 11th Street | Block : 438 | Lot #20 Building Date : 1851-52 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Woods Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This five-story tenement was originally erected in 1851-52, along with the buildings at 426-428 East 11th Street. Its present facade features molded roof cornice, molded lintels and simple rectangular sills. The first story has been altered and does not retain any historic detailing.

105 First Avenue Building Date : 1841-43 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : William Snediker Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations The building was originally erected in 1841-43, and probably turned into a four-story with basement tenement later on. In 1882, it was occupied by three families. It went through multiple alterations in the 1930s and 1980s. The present facade features a bracketed roof cornice with ornamental frieze, elaborate window lintels and projecting bracketed sills. It is unclear when the two-story storefront addition was added, though the store cornice remained until at least 1916.

155-157 First Avenue; 230-240 East 10th Street | Block : 451 | Lot #7502 Building Date : 1938, 2001 Original Use : Market Original Owner : Department of Markets(1938), Jerry J. Rosengarten & Michael Waldman(2001) Original Architect : Lewis & Churchill(1938), Schuman Lichtenstein Claman & Efron(2001) Description & Building Alterations The one-story structure at 155 First Avenue was originally built in 1938 by the city to house the First Avenue Retail Market. The market was created by Robert Moses to “take pushcart peddlers off the streets.” In 1986 The Theater for the New City purchased and moved into the then underused building. Currently the one-story section contains four theaters. The 16-story condo above the theater, aka the New Theater Building, was completed in 2001 after a partnership of two developers bought the air rights over the original structure. This, based on the agreement among the theater, the city, and the developers helped raise the mortgage burden on the theater. More +

170 First Avenue Building Date : 1838-39, 1891 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : R. L. Paterson(1838-39), B. J. Wheelwright(1891) Original Architect : Unknown This five-story tenement was originally erected in 1838-39 as a three-story house. It was raised to four stories in 1871 and then to five stories in 1891, along with the building at 168 First Avenue. The present facade features projecting bracketed cornice with decorated frieze, hooded window lintels, ornamental panels, beltcourses, and engaged pilasters flanking the main entry.

440 East 13th Street Building Date : 1885 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Liebrand Niewenhous Original Architect : William Graul Description & Building Alterations This five-story brick tenement with blue stone base was designed by architect William Graul, along with 438 East 13th Street. It was built to house four families on each floor. In the 1930s there was a store on the first floor. The present facade features molded window lintels with footings, rectangular sills, and banding. The historical roof cornice has been removed and the first story has been largely reconfigured.

Madina Mosque, 1954. The Madina Mosque was founded in 1976 primarily by Bengali immigrants. Dubbed the "Muslim cab drivers’ spiritual pit stop," in an article by the Villager, it is the third oldest active mosque in New York City, daily bringing in hundreds of followers for prayer and worship from all over the five boroughs. It's a truly diverse community of people who come together in this convenient location to pray together. The nondescript brick exterior resembles a typical East Village building, except for the lighted signs in English and Arabic that wrap around it, reading, “There is none worthy of worship but Allah. Mohammed is the messenger of Allah.” Above the building’s back corner, away from the street, a demure minaret peeks up. Unlike traditional minarets, which are large enough for a person to stand inside and call the faithful to prayer, this one is only about 8 feet tall. The call to prayer is sung out from the front door, without a microphone, its only amplification provided by the wind.

160 First Avenue Building Date : 1898 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Tobias Krakouer Original Architect : George Frederick Pelham Description & Building Alterations Originally built in 1898, this six-story brick dumbbell tenement building on 160 First Avenue was built in the same project as 156 and 158 First Avenue. It served and continues to serve as space for a store and apartments. The three buildings share an identical facade. No. 160 features bracketed cornice with decorative frieze, round-arched window openings with brick lintels and key stones at third and sixth stories, slightly projecting brick piers through fifth and sixth stories, ornamented panels, elaborate bracketed window lintels with molding or triangular pediments at second and fourth stories, beltcourses. There is metal pilasters with attached columns flanking the main entry, capped by a molded entablature.

De Robertis Pasticceria, April 5, 1928. Opened in 1904, De Robertis Pasticceria was an East Village mainstay for more than a century. Located in the same 176 First Avenue storefront for their entire history, the beloved shop closed at the end of 2014. Italian immigrant Paolo De Robertis first opened a tiny shop on 12th Street selling only espresso and anisette toast. In 1904, he moved around the corner and expanded his offerings. Operated by four generations of the De Robertis family, the storefront served Italian coffee, pastries, cookies and ices in a venue that still felt like it could have been 1904. The hand-cut mosaic wall tiles, pressed-tin ceiling, and patterned floor tiles were all original. (According to the family these features were all already in place when the pasticceria moved into the circa mid-19th century building.) The family, who rented the space initially, bought the building in the late 1940s. The hey day of the store's popularity came in the 1960s, while the 1970s saw the introduction of more varied and American fare while the shop and the city struggled through the financial instability of the decade. The next 30 years were largely successful for the shop. In 2014, citing the the economy and the age and health concerns of the four De Robertis siblings, the family decided to close the shop and sell the building after 110 years, much to the sadness of the neighborhood.

231 East 4th Street | Block : 400 | Lot #42 Building Date : c. 1850 Original Use : Residential/Commercial Original Owner : Unknown Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This pre-law Italianate tenement was built, according to maps, c. 1850 as two connected buildings with apartments over stores. Additionally, there was a brewery in the back of the lot that was removed by the 1880s. The lot was once part of William B. Astor’s holdings and was leased out to various people between 1850-1875. In the mid-1930s the buildings were remodeled, and the projecting lintels and sills were shaved down and the ground-floor shops partially replaced with apartments. At some point, the facade was painted.

By Emily Byun Starting from childhood, we cherish the idea of a clean bathroom, whether through the joy of a refreshing bath or relieving ourselves in the comfort of our home. Yet, beyond private spaces, New Yorkers and pedestrians struggle to find dignified places for personal relief and bathing. Studies reveal a stark reality – only one public bathroom exists for every 6,000 New Yorkers, ranking NYC the 93rd worst among the largest U.S. cities in public bathrooms per capita. This makes bathroom accessibility a paid privilege with individuals often purchasing an overpriced water bottle for restroom access or resorting to public urination. The privatization of restrooms is especially stark for unhoused New Yorkers whose attempt to relieve themselves is often criminalized, and yet where are they supposed to go? Beyond toilet usage, bathing too has evolved into a highly commercialized venture. During the 19th century, tenement apartments underscored the need for bathhouses due to a lack of hot water in many buildings. These public bathhouses became vital third places, where generations mingled to soak and converse. Sadly, only a handful of such historical places remain, their existence reshaped mainly by the AIDS Epidemic in the 1980s and now are characterized by ongoing inflated prices. What would wider access to all facets of bathroom facilities involve? Given the daily necessity of using toilets, bathing, and the need to conserve precious resources, how can we create environments that prioritize accessibility, sustainability, and human connection?

140 First Avenue Building Date : 1849-50 Original Use : Residential Original Owner : Ryan Original Architect : Unknown Description & Building Alterations This four-story building at 140 First Avenue was originally built in 1849-50. The facade features bracketed cornice with elaborately decorated frieze, simple molded window lintels and rectangular sills.

East 14th Street, east of the Second Avenue El station, April 18, 1917. Despite its name, the Second Avenue El tracks ran over First Avenue between Houston and 23rd Streets.