Studebaker Building ARCHITECT: Tooker & Marsh DATE: 1920 STYLE: Neo-Gothic Built in 1920, the Studebaker Building is one of the few automobile showrooms remaining on Brooklyn’s once thriving Automobile Row, the stretch of Bedford Avenue running north and south from Fulton Street to Empire Boulevard in Crown Heights. Designed by New York-based architects Tooker and Marsh, the neo-Gothic style building is brick, clad in white terra cotta manufactured by the Atlantic Terra Cotta Works. An excellent example of a commercial terra-cotta clad structure which served as a company icon, the Studebaker Building retains the original terra-cotta design inscribed with the name “Studebaker” in black cursive on a diagonal banner across the wheel emblem, an image that was used by the corporation on buildings throughout the United States.

Troop C Armory 1555 Bedford Avenue Pilcher & Taschau 1903-1906 This massive structure was New York City’s first National Guard cavalry unit armory, and is the only Art Nouveau-inspired armory in Brooklyn. Architect Lewis F. Pilcher designed a unique stable wing within the building that could sanitarily house 117 horses – a major feat in the urban environment of Brooklyn. He utilized various levels and pitches for his floors, a complex drainage system and an abundance of windows and vents, all hidden behind the bays of the President Street exterior. The armory’s enormous drill shed, extra tall for ventilation, was also used for sporting and social events, and more recently, as a stage for movie sets. The administrative wing housed officer’s quarters and meeting rooms. The armory functioned as an active National Guard unit until as recently as 2011. Despite its important history and architectural contribution to the neighborhood and the city, the structure is unfortunately not protected as a designated landmark

The Kings County Savings Bank, date unknown. Designed by Halsey, McCormack & Helmer, the architectural firm that was responsible for the Williamsburg Savings Bank tower at Hanson Place, this Art Deco building was completed in 1930. The facade features sculptural figures of lions, a dog and a number of human representations of scientists, scholars, and inventors. Once the home of the Kings County Savings Bank, it now houses the Banco Popular.

Kings County Penitentiary, ca. 1905. Built in the mid 1840s the Kings County Penitentiary was constructed on a large plot of land in what was then an extremely rural part of Brooklyn. The prison and adjacent workhouse was surrounded by a large stone wall (seen at front here). A facility for both men and women, the prisoners worked in a shoe factory on site or in chain gangs on the nearby streets (men only). Like so many of the 19th century detention centers, this one too was awash mismanagement, violence, cruelty towards inmates, and deplorable conditions. The penitentiary was torn down in 1907 after the land was sold to the Jesuits. On the plot they planned a large educational facility that would house a grammar school, high school, and college. The resulting campus was called the Brooklyn College and Preparatory School, though the college only lasted until 1913. Later called Brooklyn Preparatory School, the surrounding area (once the large plot belonging to the prison) was built out with educational facilities and athletic fields. In 1971 the school was sold to the city for a new CUNY location. Today the Brooklyn Prep buildings are part of a much large campus of the Medgar Evers College of the City University of New York.

Brooklyn Jewish Center, 1924. This synagogue and community center had its cornerstone laid in 1920 and was established to cater to the needs of Jewish life. The building when completed had a sanctuary, wedding ballroom, a day school, a swimming pool, and a health club. A kosher restaurant and a robust adult education program rounded out the center which was imagined as a single institution for educational, religious, social, and recreational activities. It has earned the descriptor of "a pool with a school and a shul." In the 1960s a the surrounding neighborhood was changing (white Jewish and Catholic populations were moving away, while African American and Chassidic Jewish communities were arriving) the building adapted to the transition. It became the home of the Educational Institute Oholei Torah, the flagship school of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement.

(Pilcher & Taschau, 1903-1906) This massive structure was New York City’s first National Guard cavalry unit armory, and is the only Art Nouveau-inspired armory in Brooklyn. Architect Lewis F. Pilcher designed a unique stable wing within the building that could sanitarily house 117 horses – a major feat in the urban environment of Brooklyn. He utilized various levels and pitches for his floors, a complex drainage system and an abundance of windows and vents, all hidden behind the bays of the President Street exterior. The armory’s enormous drill shed, extra tall for ventilation, was also used for sporting and social events, and more recently, as a stage for movie sets. The administrative wing housed officer’s quarters and meeting rooms. The armory functioned as an active National Guard unit until as recently as 2011. Despite its important history and architectural contribution to the neighborhood and the city, the structure is unfortunately not protected as a designated landmark. Many local and citywide activists are concerned that the building could be in danger of becoming the centerpiece of an inappropriate and unsympathetic development project that would destroy the original façade of its signature stable wing, and loom over the surrounding neighborhood.

A walking tour of the "Pigtown" neighborhood, created by Rocco Cetera for #JanesWalkNYC.

Located along the hilly terminal moraine between the prosperous communities of Bedford and Flatbush, Crown Heights South was considered a rocky no-man’s land of scrub farmland for most of the 19th century. During that time, it was home to subsistence farmers whose homes dotted the landscape, as well as poor Irish and black families who settled in shantytowns called “Crow Hill” and “Pigtown” by a derisive press. In 1846, this was where the city of Brooklyn placed the Kings County Penitentiary, as far from downtown Brooklyn as was feasible. By 1874, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux had completed Eastern Parkway as a Parisian-style boulevard to extend the picturesque character of Prospect Park into the expanding residential neighborhoods of Brooklyn. The parkway, which followed the moraine through the neighborhood that was now called Crown Heights, was designed to be lined with fine homes and mansions, though this housing never developed as Olmsted and Vaux envisioned. The thoroughfare did bring attention to the neighborhood, though, and formed the border between Crown Heights North and Crown Heights South in later years. While the northern side of Crown Heights was fully built up by 1900, it wasn’t until after the new century began that large-scale residential development began in southern Crown Heights. The north-south corridors of Nostrand, Bedford, Rogers and Franklin Avenues were already important transportation corridors, leading to the paving of Union, President, Carroll and other cross streets. Several major changes led to the development of Crown Heights South after the turn of the 20th century. These included the 1907 demolition of the infamous Kings County Penitentiary, which was replaced by a Jesuit Prep school and college; the 1913 construction of Ebbets Field, home to the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team; the development of Brooklyn’s famous Automobile Row, with its showrooms and service centers, which flourished on Bedford Avenue between 1905 and 1945; and the presence of the nearby Brooklyn Museum, which opened in 1897. Encouraged by these developments, as well as the new subways constructed under Eastern Parkway, developers built up entire blocks at a time with new housing. With the exception of certain blocks of single-family mansions, much of what was built was designed for multiple families, as the age of the single-family rowhouse had nearly passed. Crown Heights South displays a fine array of architectural styles of the early 20th century, designed by such prominent Brooklyn architects as Montrose W. Morris, Axel Hedman, J. L. Brush, Arthur Koch and Slee & Bryson in the Revival styles popular at the time: Renaissance, Colonial, Flemish, Tudor and more. Today, the neighborhood retains its vibrant mix of residential architecture, including attached rowhouses, detached mansions and grand apartment buildings, as well as some fine religious buildings and grand institutions. One of its most well-known structures is the Bedford Armory, the city’s first mounted cavalry-unit armory that occupies an entire city block. The armory’s future is a source of controversy, with developers seeking to construct housing on the site and community members vying to preserve the building. Unfortunately, none of Crown Heights South’s architectural gems have been designated as landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Local advocates, including the Crown Heights South Association, formed in 2016, are working to survey and advocate for the neighborhood to ensure that any future changes are sensitive to its rich past.

1275 President Street, July 15, 1962. President Street between New York and Kingston Avenues is known as Doctor's Row (and also Millionaire's Row). The block of classic mansions, built in the early part of the century, were occupied by the 1930s largely by doctors. Most of these men worked in one of three nearby Brooklyn hospitals (House of St. Giles the Cripple, Kings County Hospital, or Brooklyn Jewish Hospital). No. 1275 was built in a pair with no. 1277, and when first advertised in 1913 each boasted seven rooms, steam heat, and gas and electric lighting. By the mid 1920s the house was home to a Mrs. Ross whose daughter married a surgeon at the Jewish Hospital. That family lived in the home through at least the 1950s. The architects of Doctor's Row mansions included William Van Alen (who went on to design the Chrysler Building), Cohn Brothers, William Debus, and Henry M. Congdon, though it is not known exactly which architect created this attached pair.

Cameo Theatre, 1924. In 1924 Harrison Wiseman designed a grand Egyptian influenced Art Deco in Crown Heights. A well-known and sought after theatre architect Wiseman created a fanciful facade rendered in colorful terra cotta. A unique feature of this theatre's design was a 1500 seat roof garden auditorium (the concrete screening wall is still visible on the roof). The theatre, which became a Loew's house the year after it opened (and was renamed the Kameo), survived until 1974. That year the Philadelphian Sabbath Church bought the building. Used for church functions since then, the interior of the theatre has been well maintained, and the exterior ornamentation remains if a little dirty.

Constructed on the foundations of the old Kings County Penitentiary in 1908, this large, Beaux-Arts style building was built as the Brooklyn Preparatory School by the Jesuits. The school complex then grew to include playing fields and supporting classrooms. The all-male institution provided a superior classical education to students who went on to careers in law, business and the arts. Graduates included William Peter Blatty, author of the Exorcist, and Joseph Califano, United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare under President Jimmy Carter. Brooklyn Prep’s final class graduated in 1972, after which the building was sold to the City University of New York (CUNY), which opened Medgar Evers College in the complex. The school has flourished and expanded to include a much larger campus along Bedford Avenue and the surrounding streets.

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Epiphany (now Lutheran Church of the Epiphany) was founded in 1908. The building has an exterior of stone and was designed in the Gothic style. The present structure was built in 1925. It includes a gymnasium, kitchen, 800-seat auditorium, Sunday school, parsonage and sexton's quarters.

802 Park Place, 1925. According to the photographer's notes this small wood-frame structure is the gardener's cottage for the home of George B. Fisk. Fisk was president of the Long Island Rail Road from 1839 to 1847. He presumably had a large home, which by 1925 was no longer standing, somewhere in the vicinity of this cottage.

1237-1297 Carroll Street Designed by John Wandell 1913 The mixture of Renaissance Revival and Colonial Revival style details in these alternating bow- and flat-front houses is unique to Crown Heights South. To visually link these different stylistic elements, which were not typically found side-by-side or on the same structure, architect John Wandell designed some of them to have a common cornice line and a molded belt course over the first floor. Unlike earlier rowhouses, many of the houses have English style stoops, which rise to only a few steps above street level, rather than the classic high stoops of the late 19th century.